Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one of the observable signs at birth that may indicate a higher risk of developing schizophrenia?
What is one of the observable signs at birth that may indicate a higher risk of developing schizophrenia?
What is a potential contribution from the fetus's environment during the first trimester?
What is a potential contribution from the fetus's environment during the first trimester?
What is the role of microglia in the context of neuronal development and schizophrenia?
What is the role of microglia in the context of neuronal development and schizophrenia?
Which factor is considered a birth complication that increases the risk of developing schizophrenia?
Which factor is considered a birth complication that increases the risk of developing schizophrenia?
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What psychosocial aspect may contribute to the likelihood of schizophrenia recurrences?
What psychosocial aspect may contribute to the likelihood of schizophrenia recurrences?
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During which phase of development is the onset of schizophrenia most likely to occur?
During which phase of development is the onset of schizophrenia most likely to occur?
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What does the 'multiple hit model' suggest about the development of schizophrenia?
What does the 'multiple hit model' suggest about the development of schizophrenia?
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Which factor has been shown to NOT significantly impact the risk of developing schizophrenia in children?
Which factor has been shown to NOT significantly impact the risk of developing schizophrenia in children?
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What is the primary genetic contribution to the development of schizophrenia?
What is the primary genetic contribution to the development of schizophrenia?
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Which theory is most widely accepted regarding the biochemical factors in schizophrenia?
Which theory is most widely accepted regarding the biochemical factors in schizophrenia?
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What is a noted limitation of dopamine antagonists in treating schizophrenia?
What is a noted limitation of dopamine antagonists in treating schizophrenia?
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What brain structure changes are correlated with schizophrenia according to FMRI findings?
What brain structure changes are correlated with schizophrenia according to FMRI findings?
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What role does excessive dopamine play according to the Two Factor Theory?
What role does excessive dopamine play according to the Two Factor Theory?
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What is indicated by the glutamate theory in relation to schizophrenia?
What is indicated by the glutamate theory in relation to schizophrenia?
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Which drug is mentioned as a weak dopamine antagonist that has shown effectiveness?
Which drug is mentioned as a weak dopamine antagonist that has shown effectiveness?
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What is apathy?
What is apathy?
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What is akinesia?& what is Tardive dyskinesia?
What is akinesia?& what is Tardive dyskinesia?
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What is their definitions? Breuler discovered schizophrenia.
What is their definitions? Breuler discovered schizophrenia.
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Research shows that schizophrenia involve more than one gene. Gene 8, 6,22.
Research shows that schizophrenia involve more than one gene. Gene 8, 6,22.
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Waxy flexibility is tendency to keep one's body in position someone else put. It's a disorganized sypmyom that very rare from catatonic immobility. (Disorganized behavior)
Waxy flexibility is tendency to keep one's body in position someone else put. It's a disorganized sypmyom that very rare from catatonic immobility. (Disorganized behavior)
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What is the prodromal stage?
What is the prodromal stage?
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Which case has higher vulnerability for schizophrenia diagnosis?
Which case has higher vulnerability for schizophrenia diagnosis?
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The likelihood of child diagnosed with schizophrenia does not depend on parent’s severity of schizophrenia.
The likelihood of child diagnosed with schizophrenia does not depend on parent’s severity of schizophrenia.
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Adopted child with biological schizophrenic parents has a greater chance of diagnosis than average .
Adopted child with biological schizophrenic parents has a greater chance of diagnosis than average .
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Flat effect is researched. Flat effect is an expression but does not mean lack of feeling.
Flat effect is researched. Flat effect is an expression but does not mean lack of feeling.
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Study Notes
Prevalence and Etiology of Schizophrenia
- Prevalence is very low, at 0.3%.
- Etiology is most closely associated with schizophrenia, not the broader spectrum.
- Genetic contributions play a significant role.
- Family heritability is 46% (two parents) and 17% (one parent).
- Identical twins have a higher percentage of developing schizophrenia (40-60%, or 80% for spectrum disorders).
- Adoption studies show that if biological parents have schizophrenia, adopted children still have a higher chance of developing the disorder.
- Biochemical factors (dopamine) are also involved.
- Neurochemical circuit differences are present in schizophrenia.
- The dopamine theory is the most widely accepted theory.
- Excessive dopamine is a factor.
- Insufficient dopamine in the prefrontal area and excessive dopamine in striatal areas (D2 receptor sites) are contributing factors in the two-factor theory.
Treatment for Schizophrenia
- Dopamine antagonists are used as treatments.
Contrary Evidence
- Dopamine antagonists are not always effective.
- Clozapine, a dopamine antagonist, is effective but weak.
- Dopamine reduces symptoms and might not cause an immediate impact.
- Reducing negative symptoms (less effective) compared to positive symptoms.
Biochemical Factors
- Glutamate is an important contributor.
- Underactivity at NMDA receptors and excessive dopamine may lead to glutamate deficiencies.
- GABA is another crucial factor, with possible dysfunction.
Brain Structure and Function
- Brain activity, particularly in the frontal areas, is often reduced in people with schizophrenia.
- Hypofrontality (low frontal activity) and enlarged ventricles (fluid-filled areas) are observed.
- Changes in brain structure may be correlated with schizophrenia, but the cause-and-effect relationship is still unclear.
- Medications or lifestyle changes might influence brain function.
Contemporary Models
- Neurodevelopmental models suggest early cortical development dysfunction is a contributing factor.
- Children with certain behaviors have a higher chance of developing schizophrenia later in life.
- Onset is commonly observed during adolescence.
Factors Associated With Schizophrenia During Birth or Fetal Development
- Smaller head circumference, slower developmental milestones, higher rates of left-handedness, and minor facial/physical anomalies are observed in some cases.
- Premature birth, hypoxia, and other obstetric complications are also risk factors.
- Fetal complications: mother's physical stress during the first trimester, and maternal flu or virus exposure during the second trimester.
Microglia Theory
- Microglia dysfunction is a critical factor.
- Microglia are overactive in the frontal lobes and remove essential cells. Microlia function influences GABA and glutamate signaling.
Neurodevelopmental Model
- Genetic and epigenetic factors influence brain development.
- Brain development, from conception to adulthood, is affected.
- Disruption in neuronal connectivity, communication, and cognitive processing (dysmetria) may lead to schizophrenia symptoms.
- The process of developing schizophrenia is complex and multifactorial.
Psychosocial Contributions
- Stressful life events and complex familial processes increase the risk of schizophrenia recurrence following treatment.
- A study showed that a child with schizophrenia returning home to live with their mother, especially in challenging familial circumstances, can cause relapse.
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Description
This quiz covers the prevalence and etiology of schizophrenia, discussing genetic contributions and biochemical factors. Explore the epidemiology, heritability rates, and the dopamine theory related to the disorder.
