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Questions and Answers
What are the two main classifications of antipsychotic drugs?
What are the two main classifications of antipsychotic drugs?
Which of these is NOT a risk factor for developing schizophrenia?
Which of these is NOT a risk factor for developing schizophrenia?
What is the primary mechanism of action for typical antipsychotic drugs?
What is the primary mechanism of action for typical antipsychotic drugs?
Which of these is NOT a complication associated with schizophrenia?
Which of these is NOT a complication associated with schizophrenia?
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What type of antipsychotic drugs are more effective in treating negative symptoms?
What type of antipsychotic drugs are more effective in treating negative symptoms?
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Which of the following is a non-pharmacological treatment approach for schizophrenia?
Which of the following is a non-pharmacological treatment approach for schizophrenia?
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When does schizophrenia typically develop?
When does schizophrenia typically develop?
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What kind of symptoms are generally the first to appear in schizophrenia?
What kind of symptoms are generally the first to appear in schizophrenia?
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What characterizes negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
What characterizes negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with dysregulation in schizophrenia?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with dysregulation in schizophrenia?
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Which symptom is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Which symptom is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
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Which of the following describes the main mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia?
Which of the following describes the main mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia?
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Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor associated with schizophrenia?
Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor associated with schizophrenia?
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What is one of the primary complications associated with untreated schizophrenia?
What is one of the primary complications associated with untreated schizophrenia?
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Which of the following symptoms is commonly linked to disorganized thinking in schizophrenia?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly linked to disorganized thinking in schizophrenia?
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What aspect of schizophrenia is characterized by false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary?
What aspect of schizophrenia is characterized by false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary?
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Which of the following side effects is more commonly associated with atypical antipsychotic drugs?
Which of the following side effects is more commonly associated with atypical antipsychotic drugs?
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What is a common reason for starting antipsychotic treatment at a low dose?
What is a common reason for starting antipsychotic treatment at a low dose?
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Clozapine is typically prescribed in which scenario?
Clozapine is typically prescribed in which scenario?
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Which of the following antipsychotics is categorized as a typical antipsychotic?
Which of the following antipsychotics is categorized as a typical antipsychotic?
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What is a major risk associated with the use of clozapine?
What is a major risk associated with the use of clozapine?
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Which of the following conditions can antipsychotic drugs also be used to treat aside from schizophrenia?
Which of the following conditions can antipsychotic drugs also be used to treat aside from schizophrenia?
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What is an important consideration when discontinuing antipsychotic medication?
What is an important consideration when discontinuing antipsychotic medication?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the effectiveness of antipsychotic medications?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effectiveness of antipsychotic medications?
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Study Notes
Schizophrenia Overview
- Schizophrenia is a brain disorder affecting reality differentiation and imagination.
- It cannot be cured, but symptoms can be managed.
Objectives of Lecture
- Understand the definition, pathophysiology, and symptoms (negative and positive).
- Understand risk factors, diagnosis, complications, and non-pharmacological treatment.
- Differentiate schizophrenia drugs (classifications and mechanisms of action).
- List examples, side effects, generic, and trade names of antipsychotic drugs.
- Understand general antipsychotic drug information.
Pathophysiology
- Theory: Dysregulation / imbalance of dopamine and serotonin.
- Evidence: Antipsychotics are D2 and 5-HT antagonists.
Symptoms
- Negative Symptoms: Lack of motivation, loss of interest, impaired memory, lack of speech, social withdrawal.
- Positive Symptoms: Hallucinations (hearing, feeling things that don't exist), delusions (false beliefs), disorganized thinking, jumbled speech.
Risk Factors
- Stress, genetics, brain damage, substance abuse (drugs and alcohol), difficult childhood experiences.
Diagnosis
- Full psychiatric assessments, screenings for other medical conditions.
- Symptoms typically develop during early adulthood (30-45 years old).
Complications
- Shorter life expectancy, depression, thoughts of suicide, overweight, heart diseases, and diabetes.
Non-Pharmacological Treatment
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), art therapy, social and community support, encouraging physical health.
Antipsychotic Treatment
- Typical/First-generation: More effective for positive symptoms, primarily block dopamine D2 receptors, risk of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and more common in older patients,
- Atypical/Second-generation: Effective for both positive and negative symptoms to some extent, mainly antagonize serotonin receptors and sometimes dopamine D2 receptors, lesser risk of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) but can have metabolic abnormalities.
Antipsychotic Treatment: Side Effects
- Typical (First Generation): EPS (extrapyramidal syndrome), blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, drowsiness, hypotension, and sexual dysfunction.
- Atypical (Second Generation): Excessive weight gain, hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar), hyperlipidemia (high blood fats), blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, drowsiness, hypotension, and sexual dysfunction.
Drug Interactions and Considerations
- Antipsychotics and sedatives can increase sedation.
- Atypical antipsychotics are preferred for pregnancy/breastfeeding.
- Formulations: tablets, capsules, liquids, depot injections for sustained medication (up to 3 months);
- Depot injections improve patient adherence.
Treatment Algorithm
- Start low doses of antipsychotics.
- Gradually increase based on patient response.
- Change medications after a few weeks if no improvement.
- Gradually discontinue medication to avoid rebound effects.
- Consider atypical antipsychotics first due to fewer EPS effects
- Clozapine is a last resort when other antipsychotics fail; it can cause agranulocytosis (low WBC count).
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can be considered for patients with poor responses or persistent suicidal risk.
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Description
This quiz provides a comprehensive overview of schizophrenia, exploring its definition, symptoms, and pathophysiology. Participants will learn about risk factors, diagnosis, complications, and the different classifications of antipsychotic drugs. Engage with key concepts and terminology to deepen your understanding of this complex disorder.
