Schizophrenia and Substance Use Concepts
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What is a requirement for a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  • Symptoms must be present for less than a month
  • Presence of at least two negative symptoms only
  • At least one symptom must be a mood disorder
  • Two or more positive, negative, or disorganized symptoms (correct)

    • Which of the following describes schizoaffective disorder?

  • Symptoms of schizophrenia alongside mood disorder symptoms (correct)
  • Symptoms of mood disorders only, without schizophrenia
  • Symptoms of schizophrenia without mood disorder symptoms
  • A brief episode of psychosis lasting less than a month

    • What characterizes delusional disorder?

  • Persistent belief contrary to reality without schizophrenia symptoms (correct)
  • Combination of negative symptoms and mood disruptions
  • Presence of hallucinatory experiences
  • Symptoms lasting for at least six months

    • How long do symptoms of schizophreniform disorder typically last?

    <p>Less than six months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms can occur in brief psychotic disorder?

    <p>Positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is known to have a brief effect on auditory hallucinations?

    <p>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial element of Behavioural Family Therapy for it to be effective?

    <p>It must be ongoing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is considered not beneficial and potentially harmful?

    <p>Psychoanalytic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication is associated with fewer side effects and helps in cognitive functioning?

    <p>Second-generation antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention focuses on independence in daily skills for patients?

    <p>Token economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the theory that explains an increase in positive feelings being followed by increased negative feelings?

    <p>Opponent-process theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive factor influences a person's reaction to drug use based on their expectations?

    <p>Expectancy effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of substance-related disorders, which view suggests addiction arises from moral weaknesses?

    <p>Moral weakness view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the self-medication theory of addiction primarily associated with?

    <p>Reducing physical pain and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the concept where tolerance is viewed as a learned response due to environmental cues?

    <p>Conditioning theory of tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to a state in which immediate aspects of experience disproportionately influence behavior and emotion?

    <p>Alcohol myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do positive expectancies about drug use influence future behavior according to cognitive factors?

    <p>They predict increased usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is directly related to the social dimensions of substance use?

    <p>Media exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological process supports the notion that individuals anticipate drug effects even before using a substance?

    <p>Conditioned compensatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major influence on substance use and abuse as identified in cultural dimensions?

    <p>Social pressure for frequent use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural factor is associated with the lowest prevalence of schizophrenia?

    <p>Asian countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in the genetic influences of schizophrenia according to family studies?

    <p>Parental genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of studies compare identical and fraternal twins to assess genetic influences on schizophrenia?

    <p>Twin Studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic interaction is suggested to reduce the risk of schizophrenia according to adoption studies?

    <p>Gene-environment interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome is associated with the Neuregulin 1 gene linked to schizophrenia?

    <p>Chromosome 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genes is linked to the dystrobrevin-binding protein 1?

    <p>DTNBP1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do environmental pathogens have in relation to genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia?

    <p>They enhance genetic predispositions at critical periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many common genes are implicated in the genetic risk for schizophrenia?

    <p>A large number of common genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of D2 receptors in schizophrenia?

    <p>They are stimulated excessively in the disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter's deficiency is linked to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain structure alteration is commonly observed in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Reduced volume in basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis suggests that lower social class may result from a downward drift due to schizophrenia?

    <p>Social selection hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high expressed emotion (EE) within families on individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>It predicts higher rates of relapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of insulin coma therapy in treating schizophrenia in the early 1930s?

    <p>To induce a temporary coma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist play in the context of schizophrenia?

    <p>It exhibits antipsychotic behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor during pregnancy is linked with an increased risk of schizophrenia?

    <p>Prenatal exposure to influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'schizophrenogenic' refers to what aspect of family dynamics?

    <p>Cold and rejecting mothers possibly causing schizophrenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypofrontality and how is it related to schizophrenia?

    <p>Decreased activity in the frontal lobe associated with negative symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of alcohol-related disorders?

    <p>Withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two types of brain syndromes caused by chronic alcohol use?

    <p>Dementia and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of high doses of depressants?

    <p>Potent sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to alcohol use disorder prevalence?

    <p>Cultural attitudes and availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms might indicate withdrawal from alcohol?

    <p>Nausea and hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'reverse tolerance' in alcohol-related disorders?

    <p>Increased sensitivity to alcohol effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter system is primarily influenced by depressants?

    <p>GABA system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic is most likely to binge drink according to statistics?

    <p>Single males aged 18-29</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the use of barbiturates?

    <p>They induce sleep and relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of chronic alcohol misuse?

    <p>Severe biological and psychological damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does binge drinking typically affect college students?

    <p>It is frequently seen and linked to social issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of long-term alcohol use on memory?

    <p>Memory blackouts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the likelihood of alcohol dependence in later life?

    <p>Early consumption of alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is known to metabolize alcohol differently?

    <p>Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Schizophrenia

    • Characterized by a broad spectrum of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions
    • Includes delusions and hallucinations
    • Displays disorganized speech and behavior
    • Exhibits inappropriate emotions

    Perspectives on the Concept of Schizophrenia

    • Early figures in diagnosing schizophrenia
    • Emil Kraepelin's (1899) work differentiated between manic-depressive illness and dementia praecox
    • Kraepelin believed both psychosis groups shared early onset (praecox) and deteriorating course (dementia)

    Substance Use and Impulse Control

    • Biological Dimensions:
      • Familial and genetic influences play a role
      • Genes on chromosomes 1, 2, 7, and 11, and chromosome 4 have been linked to alcohol use and dependence risk.
      • Variations in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes affect alcohol consumption and risk of alcohol-related disorders.
      • Dopaminergic system and Mu opioid receptors (MOP-r) implicated in substance use and impulse control.
      • VTA, NAC, Ventral Pallidum, and Prefrontal cortex are key brain regions involved.
    • Role of DA-Sensitization: Repeated exposure to stimulant drugs increases dopamine release upon substance intake.

    Treatment

    • Biological Treatments:
      • Agonist Substitution: Uses a chemical similar to the addictive drug to treat dependence (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, Nicotine substitution).
      • Antagonist Treatments: Blocks or counteracts the effects of psychoactive drugs (e.g., Naltrexone).

    Personality

    • Personality is a person's typical way of thinking, feeling, and acting
    • Stable tendencies influence responses to environments.
    • Gordon Allport's (1966) perspective highlights enduring predispositions that influence behaviors across situations.

    Personality Disorder Overview

    • Personality disorder is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors.
    • Significant deviation from cultural norms causes emotional distress for both the affected person and others.
    • Difficulties in work and personal relationships arising from this pattern.
    • The DSM-5 TR lists ten specific personality disorders.

    Normal Personality and Personality Disorder

    • Criteria setting the difference between normal and disordered personality.
    • Key criteria: rigid and inflexible behaviors, difficulty adapting to changing situations; structural instability, vulnerability to stress.

    Assessing Personality Disorders

    • Clinical interviews, use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) (or its revised form MMPI-2-RF) or the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV, used to assess and measure personality disorders.

    Five-Factor Model

    • A useful model for measuring personality traits
    • Includes traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience.

    Personality Disorder Clusters

    • DSM-5 TR divides personality disorders into three clusters:
      • A (odd/eccentric): Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
      • B (dramatic/erratic): Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic
      • C (anxious/fearful): Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

    Other Psychotic Disorders

    • Brief psychotic disorder: Presence of one or more psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior) lasting less than a month.
    • Schizophreniform disorder: Similar to schizophrenia but symptoms last between one and six months.
    • Schizoaffective disorder: Combines schizophrenic and mood disorder symptoms.
    • Delusional disorder: Persistent delusions without prominent psychotic symptoms.

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    Related Documents

    Chapter 14 Psychosis PDF

    Description

    Explore the complexities of schizophrenia, including its cognitive and emotional dysfunctions. This quiz also delves into the genetic factors associated with substance use and impulse control, drawing from historical perspectives on mental health.

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