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Questions and Answers
What is the pathogen responsible for causing Malaria?
What is the pathogen responsible for causing Malaria?
What is the primary breeding place for mosquitoes that transmit Malaria?
What is the primary breeding place for mosquitoes that transmit Malaria?
What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting Yellow fever?
What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting Yellow fever?
What is a common symptom of Malaria?
What is a common symptom of Malaria?
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What is the primary time of day when Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are most active?
What is the primary time of day when Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are most active?
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What is the primary outcome of untreated Malaria?
What is the primary outcome of untreated Malaria?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of Schistosomiasis?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Schistosomiasis?
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Which species of Schistosoma causes urinary Schistosomiasis?
Which species of Schistosoma causes urinary Schistosomiasis?
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What is a common symptom of intestinal Schistosomiasis?
What is a common symptom of intestinal Schistosomiasis?
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What is the key factor in preventing water-based diseases like Schistosomiasis?
What is the key factor in preventing water-based diseases like Schistosomiasis?
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What is the outcome of untreated urinary Schistosomiasis?
What is the outcome of untreated urinary Schistosomiasis?
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Which of the following is NOT a species of Schistosoma?
Which of the following is NOT a species of Schistosoma?
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What is the difference between S. mansoni and S. japonicum infections?
What is the difference between S. mansoni and S. japonicum infections?
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What is the purpose of Mass Drug Administrations in preventing Schistosomiasis?
What is the purpose of Mass Drug Administrations in preventing Schistosomiasis?
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What is a necessary condition for biofilms to grow in natural environments?
What is a necessary condition for biofilms to grow in natural environments?
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What is a negative impact of biofilms on aquatic environments?
What is a negative impact of biofilms on aquatic environments?
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What is membrane fouling (bio-fouling) characterized by?
What is membrane fouling (bio-fouling) characterized by?
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In which of the following locations can membrane fouling occur?
In which of the following locations can membrane fouling occur?
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What is a consequence of biofilm formation in industrial environments?
What is a consequence of biofilm formation in industrial environments?
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What is a common feature of biofilms in natural and industrial environments?
What is a common feature of biofilms in natural and industrial environments?
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What is the primary function of microbes in bioremediation?
What is the primary function of microbes in bioremediation?
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What is the purpose of enhancing the production of flocculating biopolymers in wastewater treatment?
What is the purpose of enhancing the production of flocculating biopolymers in wastewater treatment?
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What is the primary component of an anaerobic reactor?
What is the primary component of an anaerobic reactor?
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What is the minimum doubling time of methanogens at 35°C?
What is the minimum doubling time of methanogens at 35°C?
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What is the primary function of a septic tank in wastewater treatment?
What is the primary function of a septic tank in wastewater treatment?
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What is the purpose of using immobilized cells in wastewater treatment?
What is the purpose of using immobilized cells in wastewater treatment?
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What is the primary mechanism by which biofilm causes contaminants to decompose in an anaerobic reactor?
What is the primary mechanism by which biofilm causes contaminants to decompose in an anaerobic reactor?
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What is the term for the time that solids must remain in a system in a completely mixed reaction?
What is the term for the time that solids must remain in a system in a completely mixed reaction?
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What is a consequence of microbial film formation on the surface of pipes?
What is a consequence of microbial film formation on the surface of pipes?
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What percentage of infections treated in the developed world are caused by biofilms?
What percentage of infections treated in the developed world are caused by biofilms?
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What is a type of medical device that can be contaminated by biofilms?
What is a type of medical device that can be contaminated by biofilms?
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What is the primary composition of dental plaque?
What is the primary composition of dental plaque?
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What is the result of natural microbial population development in piping systems?
What is the result of natural microbial population development in piping systems?
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What is the characteristic of bacterial cells within biofilms?
What is the characteristic of bacterial cells within biofilms?
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What is a common location for biofilm formation?
What is a common location for biofilm formation?
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What is the characteristic of dental plaque as it builds up on the teeth?
What is the characteristic of dental plaque as it builds up on the teeth?
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Study Notes
Schistosomiasis
- Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by Schistosoma parasites, with S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. intercalatum being the most common species.
- The frequency of S. mansoni infection is higher than those of S. japonicum and S. intercalatum.
- Clinical symptoms vary depending on the parasite load and species, with S. haematobium causing haematuria, frequent and painful micturition, and evolution to fibrosis urethral, and S. mansoni causing bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and evolution to liver fibrosis.
Transmission and Prevention
- Transmission occurs through contact with the parasite when bathing or swimming in contaminated water.
- Key factors for preventing water-based diseases include:
- Safe water supply
- Adequate drainage of stagnant waters
- Control of snails
- Mass drug administrations
Insect Vectors
- Insect vectors transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue, sleeping sickness, filariasis, and yellow fever through biting or near water.
- Mosquitoes are a common vector, breeding in water and transmitting diseases such as malaria and yellow fever.
Malaria
- Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite (falciparum, vivax, malariae, and ovale).
- The vector is the female Anopheles mosquito (Anopheles gambiae complex).
- Clinical symptoms include painful muscles and joints, high fever with chills, headache, diarrhoea, vomiting, coma, and death, and anaemia.
Yellow Fever
- Yellow fever is caused by a virus (Flaviviridiae).
- The vector is the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
- Clinical symptoms include fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, red eyes, and jaundice.
- Breeding occurs in stagnant waters, and the mosquitoes only bite during daylight.
Bioremediation and Water Treatment
- Bioremediation involves the use of microbes to 'eat up' contaminants such as oil and organic matter.
- Biological treatment of wastewater can be improved by enhancing the production of flocculating biopolymers, improving oxygen scavenging ability, and using immobilized cells to recover toxic metals.
- Anaerobic reactors (bioreactors) contain plastic hollow particle-like carriers on which a biofilm grows, causing contaminants to decompose.
Biofilms
- Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that grow on surfaces, producing a protective matrix.
- Biofilms can grow virtually everywhere, producing toxic alga blooms and creating O2 depleting zones in lakes, rivers, and coastal environments.
- Biofilms can fouling surfaces, causing problems in industrial environments, membrane systems, and medical devices.
- Biofilms can cause nosocomial infections, and are responsible for over 65% of infections treated in the developed world.
Biofilms and Human Health
- Biofilms can contaminate medical devices, causing infections and health risks.
- Medical implants, such as catheters and prosthetic devices, are susceptible to biofilm formation.
- Dental plaque is a biofilm that builds up on teeth, changing from a gram-positive to a gram-negative anaerobic structure.
Anaerobic Reactors
- Anaerobic reactors are used to treat wastewater, with the simplest being a septic tank.
- The minimum allowable time for solids to remain in the system is determined by the growth rate of methanogens, which have a minimum doubling time of 3.3 days at 35°C.
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Description
Quiz about the different species of Schistosomiasis, their clinical forms, and transmission methods. Covers S. haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni, and their effects on the urinary and intestinal systems.
