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Questions and Answers
What is the initial stage of schistosomiasis after cercarial penetration?
What is the initial stage of schistosomiasis after cercarial penetration?
What characteristic is true of mature eggs extruded by female worms?
What characteristic is true of mature eggs extruded by female worms?
Which symptom is associated with the schistosomular migration stage of schistosomiasis?
Which symptom is associated with the schistosomular migration stage of schistosomiasis?
What typically triggers the symptoms of Katayama fever?
What typically triggers the symptoms of Katayama fever?
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Which animal is considered a reservoir of schistosomiasis infection?
Which animal is considered a reservoir of schistosomiasis infection?
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During which time frame does the acute schistosomiasis typically present symptoms after the initial infection?
During which time frame does the acute schistosomiasis typically present symptoms after the initial infection?
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In which location do immature eggs first get laid by female worms?
In which location do immature eggs first get laid by female worms?
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Which of the following statements about female and male worms is true?
Which of the following statements about female and male worms is true?
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What is the primary immune response triggered by the miracidial antigens in schistosomiasis?
What is the primary immune response triggered by the miracidial antigens in schistosomiasis?
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Which of the following conditions should be differentiated from intestinal schistosomiasis due to similar symptoms?
Which of the following conditions should be differentiated from intestinal schistosomiasis due to similar symptoms?
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What complication may arise from long-standing polyps in schistosomiasis?
What complication may arise from long-standing polyps in schistosomiasis?
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What is bilharzial cor pulmonale primarily associated with in schistosomiasis?
What is bilharzial cor pulmonale primarily associated with in schistosomiasis?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the stage of late infection in schistosomiasis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the stage of late infection in schistosomiasis?
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What is one potential outcome of protein losing enteropathy in schistosomiasis?
What is one potential outcome of protein losing enteropathy in schistosomiasis?
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How do ectopic ova access the central nervous system in cases of neuroschistosomiasis?
How do ectopic ova access the central nervous system in cases of neuroschistosomiasis?
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What underlying issue contributes significantly to the anemia observed in schistosomiasis patients?
What underlying issue contributes significantly to the anemia observed in schistosomiasis patients?
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Which schistosomiasis species is primarily associated with cerebral schistosomiasis?
Which schistosomiasis species is primarily associated with cerebral schistosomiasis?
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What clinical sign can indicate increased intracranial pressure in neuroschistosomiasis?
What clinical sign can indicate increased intracranial pressure in neuroschistosomiasis?
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What is a common consequence of chronic hepatic schistosomiasis?
What is a common consequence of chronic hepatic schistosomiasis?
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Which clinical stage of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis is characterized by tender hepatomegaly?
Which clinical stage of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis is characterized by tender hepatomegaly?
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What complication can arise from portal hypertension in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis?
What complication can arise from portal hypertension in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis?
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Which symptom is indicative of splenomegaly in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis?
Which symptom is indicative of splenomegaly in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in its advanced stages?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in its advanced stages?
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What can lead to neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with portal hypertension?
What can lead to neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with portal hypertension?
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What is a characteristic symptom of the acute stage of fascioliasis?
What is a characteristic symptom of the acute stage of fascioliasis?
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Which sign is closely associated with the chronic stage of fascioliasis?
Which sign is closely associated with the chronic stage of fascioliasis?
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What severe complication can arise from chronic fascioliasis?
What severe complication can arise from chronic fascioliasis?
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Which clinical sign indicates advanced chronic fascioliasis?
Which clinical sign indicates advanced chronic fascioliasis?
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Which condition is associated with Hazloun syndrome?
Which condition is associated with Hazloun syndrome?
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What is a common symptom of ectopic fascioliasis?
What is a common symptom of ectopic fascioliasis?
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What type of anemia is commonly observed in chronic fascioliasis?
What type of anemia is commonly observed in chronic fascioliasis?
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Which of the following is an indication for clinical diagnosis of fascioliasis?
Which of the following is an indication for clinical diagnosis of fascioliasis?
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Which antigen detection methods are primarily used for diagnosing schistosomiasis?
Which antigen detection methods are primarily used for diagnosing schistosomiasis?
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What is the recommended treatment for acute schistosomiasis after managing Katayama fever?
What is the recommended treatment for acute schistosomiasis after managing Katayama fever?
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What is the standard dose of praziquantel for treating S.haematobium and S.mansoni in adults?
What is the standard dose of praziquantel for treating S.haematobium and S.mansoni in adults?
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Which measure contributes to the prevention and control of schistosomiasis?
Which measure contributes to the prevention and control of schistosomiasis?
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Which of the following is a recommended action to minimize cercarial penetration after water exposure?
Which of the following is a recommended action to minimize cercarial penetration after water exposure?
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For which species of schistosoma is the recommended praziquantel dose higher than 40 mg/kg?
For which species of schistosoma is the recommended praziquantel dose higher than 40 mg/kg?
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Which preventive strategy is NOT listed for schistosomiasis control?
Which preventive strategy is NOT listed for schistosomiasis control?
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What is one method for effective inactivation of cercariae in water?
What is one method for effective inactivation of cercariae in water?
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What is the primary effect of effective treatment for schistosomiasis in relation to Salmonella infections?
What is the primary effect of effective treatment for schistosomiasis in relation to Salmonella infections?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with chronic salmonellosis in patients infected with schistosomiasis?
Which of the following diseases is associated with chronic salmonellosis in patients infected with schistosomiasis?
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Where does Schistosoma mansoni typically inhabit within the human body?
Where does Schistosoma mansoni typically inhabit within the human body?
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Which species of Salmonella is mentioned in relation to schistosomiasis in chronic infections?
Which species of Salmonella is mentioned in relation to schistosomiasis in chronic infections?
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What characteristic infections are observed in individuals with chronic salmonellosis and schistosomiasis?
What characteristic infections are observed in individuals with chronic salmonellosis and schistosomiasis?
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In which regions is Schistosoma mansoni commonly found?
In which regions is Schistosoma mansoni commonly found?
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What is the morphology of adult Schistosoma mansoni worms?
What is the morphology of adult Schistosoma mansoni worms?
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What role has been suggested for schistosomes concerning Salmonella infection?
What role has been suggested for schistosomes concerning Salmonella infection?
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Study Notes
FASCIOLIASIS
- A disease caused by a large parasite (Fasciola), belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes, class Trematoda
- Affects sheep, cattle, and occasionally humans
- A zoonotic disease—transmissible from animals to humans
- Two species cause the disease: Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
- Global disease, reported from over 75 countries
OCCURRENCE
- Common in sheep and cattle-raising areas worldwide
- High prevalence in Egypt, particularly in the Delta region, Alexandria, Upper Egypt and the reclaimed desert areas
- Prevalence tends to peak in children in rural areas
- Infection can occur anywhere, following trade routes of plants (which are part of the diet in many areas)
CYCLE OF INFECTION
- Causative agent: Fasciola species
- Parasite lives in the bile ducts of sheep, goats, and buffaloes
- Human infection is rare
- Fasciola hepatica: Leaf-like, pale grey trematode, with diverging margins and spiny cuticle; 2.5-3 cm long, 1 cm wide
- Has oral and ventral suckers
- Hermaphrodite, with branched digestive and genital systems
PATHOLOGY & PATHOGENESIS
- Encysted metacercariae migrate through intestinal walls, peritoneal cavity, and Glisson's capsule, often causing little damage
- Migration in the liver parenchyma leads to trauma and necrosis.
- Larvae cause inflammation and adenomatous response in biliary epithelium when mature.
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
-
Acute stage:
- Upper right abdominal pain, cough, vomiting, fever, diarrhoea, weight loss, and headache
- Main symptom is eosinophilia (up to 80%)
-
Chronic stage:
- Cholestatic jaundice, hepatomegaly, fever, and cholangitis
- Ectopic fascioliasis: Can affect various tissues (e.g., subcutaneous tissues, brain, lungs, lymph nodes)
- Eosinophilia in chronic stage (up to 40%).
DIAGNOSIS
- Microscopic identification of eggs in stool or duodenal samples (direct methods)
- Serological tests for detection of antibodies (immunological methods)
TREATMENT
- Triclabendazole (10 mg/kg) is the recommended treatment.
PREVENTION & CONTROL
- Proper washing of raw vegetables
- Avoidance of contaminated water
- Treating domestic animals to eliminate snails
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Description
Test your knowledge on schistosomiasis with this quiz that covers various stages of the parasite's life cycle and associated symptoms. From cercarial penetration to Katayama fever, this quiz will challenge your understanding of this disease and its effects.
