Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the original group that included Sm14?
What is the primary focus of the original group that included Sm14?
In which year was the rSm14 vaccine evaluated for safety and immunogenicity?
In which year was the rSm14 vaccine evaluated for safety and immunogenicity?
What type of trial was conducted to evaluate the rSm14 vaccine?
What type of trial was conducted to evaluate the rSm14 vaccine?
What organization promoted the development of vaccine antigens like Sm14 in the 1980s?
What organization promoted the development of vaccine antigens like Sm14 in the 1980s?
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Where was the phase-1a trial for the rSm14 vaccine conducted?
Where was the phase-1a trial for the rSm14 vaccine conducted?
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What aspect was evaluated in the trial for the rSm14 vaccine?
What aspect was evaluated in the trial for the rSm14 vaccine?
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Which homologous protein is mentioned in relation to Sm14?
Which homologous protein is mentioned in relation to Sm14?
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What was a significant feature of the phase-1a trial for the rSm14 vaccine?
What was a significant feature of the phase-1a trial for the rSm14 vaccine?
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What is one of the suggested major mechanisms for the immune attack against the schistosome parasite during its lifecycle?
What is one of the suggested major mechanisms for the immune attack against the schistosome parasite during its lifecycle?
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Which of the following vaccines has progressed to different phases of clinical trials for human schistosomiasis?
Which of the following vaccines has progressed to different phases of clinical trials for human schistosomiasis?
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What role have animal models, specifically the mouse challenge model, played in schistosomiasis vaccine development?
What role have animal models, specifically the mouse challenge model, played in schistosomiasis vaccine development?
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During which time frame is the schistosome most vulnerable to immune attack?
During which time frame is the schistosome most vulnerable to immune attack?
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What is the focus of cell signaling studies in the context of vaccine development?
What is the focus of cell signaling studies in the context of vaccine development?
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What is the primary genus responsible for causing schistosomiasis?
What is the primary genus responsible for causing schistosomiasis?
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Which type of schistosomiasis is associated with S.japonicum?
Which type of schistosomiasis is associated with S.japonicum?
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In which regions is schistosomiasis primarily found?
In which regions is schistosomiasis primarily found?
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What serves as the intermediate host for S.japonicum?
What serves as the intermediate host for S.japonicum?
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Which species of schistosomiasis is most commonly found in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula?
Which species of schistosomiasis is most commonly found in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula?
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What is a notable characteristic of the schistosomiasis life cycle?
What is a notable characteristic of the schistosomiasis life cycle?
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What type of disease is schistosomiasis classified as?
What type of disease is schistosomiasis classified as?
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What is the estimated number of people infected with schistosomiasis globally?
What is the estimated number of people infected with schistosomiasis globally?
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What is the primary reason for the lack of local inflammation in individuals with active schistosome infections?
What is the primary reason for the lack of local inflammation in individuals with active schistosome infections?
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How does partial acquired immunity affect worm burden in people continuously exposed to schistosome infection?
How does partial acquired immunity affect worm burden in people continuously exposed to schistosome infection?
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What effect do schistosome eggs have on host immune responses?
What effect do schistosome eggs have on host immune responses?
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What leads to the gradual resolution of granulomas formed due to schistosome infection?
What leads to the gradual resolution of granulomas formed due to schistosome infection?
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Which of the following statements best describes how schistosome adult worms avoid immune detection?
Which of the following statements best describes how schistosome adult worms avoid immune detection?
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What is the consequence of the presence of schistosome eggs in host organs?
What is the consequence of the presence of schistosome eggs in host organs?
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What effect does immunological down-regulation have on newly formed granulomas in schistosome infections?
What effect does immunological down-regulation have on newly formed granulomas in schistosome infections?
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What contributes to a reduction in the severity of symptoms related to schistosome infections?
What contributes to a reduction in the severity of symptoms related to schistosome infections?
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What was a significant challenge faced in the development of the rSj-97 vaccine?
What was a significant challenge faced in the development of the rSj-97 vaccine?
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What major advancement occurred in 2008 regarding the rSj-97 vaccine?
What major advancement occurred in 2008 regarding the rSj-97 vaccine?
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What additional interventions are suggested to be combined with the rSj-97 vaccine for effective S.japonicum prevention?
What additional interventions are suggested to be combined with the rSj-97 vaccine for effective S.japonicum prevention?
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What aspect of rSj-97 has been proven during trials in buffaloes?
What aspect of rSj-97 has been proven during trials in buffaloes?
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What is being targeted in ongoing vaccine development against schistosomiasis?
What is being targeted in ongoing vaccine development against schistosomiasis?
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What phase of trials is rSj-97 currently awaiting for human application?
What phase of trials is rSj-97 currently awaiting for human application?
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Which of the following statements about the current antigens used in schistosomiasis vaccines is true?
Which of the following statements about the current antigens used in schistosomiasis vaccines is true?
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What role does the adjuvant Montanide ISA 206 play in the rSj-97 vaccine trials?
What role does the adjuvant Montanide ISA 206 play in the rSj-97 vaccine trials?
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Study Notes
Schistosomiasis
- Schistosomiasis is widespread in the tropics and subtropics, impacting one billion people, with 250 million infected, across 74 countries.
- Infection is caused by trematode blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma.
- The main species are:
- S. japonicum - Found in China, the Philippines, and Indonesia, transmitted by the snail Oncomelania and causing intestinal and hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.
- S. haematobium - Most common species, transmitted by Bulinus snails and causing urogenital schistosomiasis in Africa and parts of the Arabian peninsula.
- S. mansoni - Found in Africa, South America, and the Caribbean, transmitted by Biomphalaria snails and causing intestinal and hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.
Schistosome Immune Response
- The immune response to adult schistosome worms is minimal due to the parasite’s ability to hide antigens and regenerate its surface.
- Schistosome eggs trigger a strong inflammatory response resulting in granuloma formation.
- Granulomas can cause damage to affected organs.
Schistosomiasis Vaccine Development
- Schistosomiasis vaccines are being studied with focus on:
- Identifying protective antigens.
- Cloning, expressing, and purifying promising antigens.
- Testing vaccine efficacy in animal models.
Human Schistosomiasis Vaccine Development
- Three leading human schistosomiasis vaccines are in clinical trials:
- Sh28GST
- Sm-14
- Sm-TSP-2
- A fourth vaccine, Sm-P80, is being developed as well.
Schistosomiasis Japonica Vaccine Development
- A vaccine for S. japonicum is highly challenging but is a priority due to the endemic nature of the infection.
- rSj-97 is a promising vaccine candidate, but it has been difficult to scale up production of the antigen.
- A robust method for pilot-scale expression and purification of rSj-97 has been developed and holds promise for future clinical trials.
Next Steps in Schistosomiasis Vaccine Development
- There is a need for ongoing research and development of new vaccine targets.
- Genomics and post-genomics technologies can help identify new vaccine candidates.
- The search for novel anti-schistosome vaccine and drug candidates is imperative.
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Description
This quiz explores the widespread impact of schistosomiasis, highlighting its major species and transmission methods. It also delves into the immune response elicited by schistosomes, emphasizing both the parasite's evasion tactics and the body's inflammatory reactions. Test your understanding of this significant tropical disease and its consequences.
