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Questions and Answers
What is a common clinical manifestation of pneumonia in infants and young children?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment for pneumonia in children?
Which diagnostic method is typically NOT performed on children to diagnose pneumonia?
What is one of the primary nursing management practices for children with pneumonia?
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Which of the following is part of pneumonia prevention and control measures?
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Which treatment is used for tetanus to regulate involuntary muscle activity?
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What is an essential step in preventing infection for minor wounds?
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Which test is specifically used for Clostridium Tetani detection?
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In the nursing management of tetanus, what is a common goal associated with acute pain care?
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What medication is mentioned as part of the treatment for tetanus?
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Which area is S. mansoni primarily found?
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What is the principal reservoir for S. hematobium?
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Which of the following is a mode of transmission for schistosomiasis?
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Which symptom is associated with the maturation stage of schistosomiasis?
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What is the typical incubation period for acute systemic manifestations after exposure?
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What is the expected prevalence of schistosomiasis infections worldwide?
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What is the primary cause of schistosomiasis?
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Which animal serves as a host for S. japonicum?
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In which population is invasive amoebiasis most commonly seen?
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What is the mode of transmission for amoebiasis?
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Which clinical manifestation occurs during the invasion stage of schistosomiasis?
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What is the typical incubation period for amoebiasis?
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During which period is a person with amoebiasis most communicable?
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What is the primary cause of meningitis?
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During which seasons is meningitis most commonly reported?
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Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of meningitis?
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What is the incubation period for meningitis?
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What nursing management step is essential for a patient with meningitis?
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Which test is commonly used to help diagnose meningitis?
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What sign is indicated when a patient experiences back pain upon flexing one leg while lying down?
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What is the mode of transmission for meningitis?
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Study Notes
Schistosomiasis
- Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by flatworms called schistosomes.
- It is found worldwide, with high prevalence in South America, the Caribbean Islands, Africa, and the Middle East.
- The disease is caused by three main species of schistosomes: Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma hematobium, and Schistosoma japonicum.
- S. mansoni is found in South America, the Caribbean Islands, Africa, and the Middle East.
- S. hematobium is found in Africa and the Middle East.
- S. japonicum is found in the Far East.
- Humans are the primary reservoir for S. mansoni, S. hematobium, and S. intercalatum.
- Other animals, including dogs, cats, pigs, cattle, water buffalo, horses, and wild rodents, can act as hosts for S. japonicum.
- Schistosomiasis is transmitted through contact with contaminated water containing the larval form of the parasite, called cercariae.
- Cercariae develop in snails and are released into the water.
- The incubation period for schistosomiasis can range from 2 to 6 weeks after exposure, with symptoms like fever, chills, and headache.
- Infection can persist for up to 10 years.
- Snails can release cercariae for several weeks to 3 months.
Meningitis
- Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
- It is caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
- Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection that can lead to death if not treated promptly.
- The most common bacteria causing meningitis are Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Meningitis is more common in children and young adults.
- Outbreaks of meningitis can occur in crowded living conditions.
- The incubation period for bacterial meningitis is typically 2 to 10 days, with symptoms like fever, headache, stiff neck, and vomiting.
- The disease is spread through respiratory droplets from the nose and throat of infected individuals.
- Diagnosis is based on a lumbar puncture to examine cerebrospinal fluid.
- Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care.
Tetanus
- Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that affects the nervous system.
- It is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani.
- The bacterium produces a toxin that causes muscle spasms.
- Tetanus is acquired through a contaminated wound.
- The incubation period for tetanus is typically 3 to 21 days.
- Symptoms include muscle stiffness, difficulty swallowing, and spasms in the jaw.
- Treatment includes antibiotics, tetanus immune globulin (TIG), and supportive care.
- Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent tetanus.
Pneumonia
- Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
- The most common cause of pneumonia is bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Pneumonia can be acquired in the community or in the hospital.
- Symptoms of pneumonia include fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and rapid heart rate.
- Pneumonia is treated with antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals, depending on the cause.
Amoebiasis
- Amoebiasis is an infection caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
- The parasite is spread through contaminated water and food.
- The most common symptom of amoebiasis is dysentery (diarrhea with blood and mucus).
- Other symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss.
- Amoebiasis is treated with anti-parasitic drugs.
- To prevent amoebiasis, practice good hygiene and avoid consuming contaminated water and food.
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of schistosomiasis, a parasitic infection caused by schistosomes. Explore the regions affected, transmission methods, and the different species involved in this disease. Gain insights into the hosts and the lifecycle of the parasite.
