95 Questions
Which of the following is NOT one of the mediational processes in Bandura's social learning theory?
motivation
According to Bandura's social learning theory, learning occurs through
observation and imitation of others' behavior
According to the bobo doll experiment, which group of children showed the most aggression when left on their own to play?
Group 1
Which approach argues that all behavior, no matter how complex, can be broken down into the fundamental processes of conditioning?
Behaviorist approach
According to the text, what is a schema?
A cognitive framework that helps us organize and interpret information
What is the main focus of cognitive neuroscience?
Studying the influence of brain structures on mental processes
Which method of investigation is preferred by the cognitive approach?
Laboratory experiments
What is the main assumption of the biological approach?
Our thinking and behavior are strongly determined by biological factors
According to Freud, human behavior is governed by universal processes that apply to everyone, but the ways in which these processes manifest themselves in the individual are unique. This approach is known as
Idiographic
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be satisfied before the higher ones?
Physiological needs
According to Rogers, what is necessary for self-actualization to be possible?
Unconditional positive regard
Which therapy approach aims to increase clients' self-worth and decrease the incongruence between the self-concept and the ideal self?
Client-centered therapy
What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?
The food
What was the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?
The sound of the bell
In Skinner's experiment with the rat, what was the consequence of pressing the lever?
Positive reinforcement
According to the text, what is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype refers to the genetic code written in the DNA, while phenotype refers to the physical representation that results from the individual's genotype.
According to the text, what is the concordance rate used for in twin studies?
To determine the involvement of genetic factors
According to the text, what does the biological approach in psychology focus on?
Explaining all behavior by the action of genetic or biochemical processes
According to the text, what is the psychodynamic approach in psychology?
An approach that views behavior as caused entirely by unconscious factors
According to Pavlov, the ___________ was the unconditioned stimulus in his experiment with the dogs.
food
Skinner argued that learning is an ________ process.
active
Positive reinforcement _________ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
increases
According to Bandura's social learning theory, learning occurs through ______ and imitation of others' behavior.
observation
Imitation is more likely to occur if the model is ______ reinforced.
positively
Group 1 imitated more physically aggressive acts than ______.
girls
Behaviorism is very much on the ______ side of the debate as it argues that our behavior is learned from the environment.
nurture
According to the text, what is the main assumption of the ______ approach?
biological
The cognitive approach uses lab experiments that are highly controlled; therefore, they are ______.
replicable
According to the text, what is a ______?
schema
The cognitive approach takes an ______ view of the debate as it argues that our behavior is influenced by learning and experience (nurture) but also by some of our brains' innate capacities as information processors, e.g., language acquisition (nature).
interactionist
According to Charles Darwin, traits that enhance our chances of survival and reproduction will become ______ in a population.
more common
The biological approach aims to explain all behavior through the action of ______ or biochemical processes.
genetic
The psychodynamic approach views our behavior as caused entirely by ______ factors over which we have no control.
unconscious
According to the psychodynamic approach, our behavior is shaped by both innate biological instincts (nature) and our ______ environment (nurture).
social and cultural
According to Freud, human behavior is determined by their unconscious motives, which are shaped by their biological drives and their early experiences. Freud argued that human behavior is governed by universal processes that apply to everyone, e.g., the tripartite structure of the mind (nomothetic); however, he also proposed that the ways in which these processes manifest themselves in the individual are unique (idiographic). The concepts proposed by Freud cannot be tested empirically. The theory is not falsifiable if people behave in the way predicted by the theory; it is viewed as support; if they don't, it is argued that they are using ______ mechanisms.
defense
According to Rogers, people could only self-actualize if they had a positive view of themselves (positive self-regard). This can only happen if they have unconditional positive regard from others – if they feel that they are valued and respected without reservation by those around them (especially their parents when they were children). However, most people don't perceive the positive regard of others as being unconditional. They tend to think they will only be loved and valued if they meet certain ______ of worth.
conditions
Self-actualization is only possible if there is congruence between the way an individual sees themselves and their ideal self (the way they want to be or think they should be). If there is a large gap between these two concepts, negative feelings of self-worth will arise that will make it impossible for self-actualization to take place. Based on this approach, client-centered therapy aims to increase clients' self-worth and decrease the incongruence between the self-concept and the ideal self. It is a non-directive therapy in which the client is encouraged to discover their own solutions to their difficulties in an atmosphere that is supportive and non-judgemental and that provides unconditional positive regard. It focuses on the present rather than dwelling on the past, unlike ______.
psychoanalysis
The approach recognizes both the influence of nature and nurture, nurture- the influence of experiences on a person's ways of perceiving and understanding the world, and nature- the influence of biological drives and needs (Maslow's hierarchy of needs). As this approach views the individual as unique, it does not attempt to establish universal laws about the causes of behavior; it is an ______ approach.
idiographic
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Classical Conditioning = Learning through association Positive Reinforcement = Increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated Unconditioned Stimulus = The food in Pavlov's experiment with the dogs Conditioned Response = Salivation in response to the sound of the bell in Pavlov's experiment
Match the following psychologists with their theories or concepts:
Ivan Pavlov = Demonstrated classical conditioning with dogs B.F. Skinner = Argued that learning is an active process Sigmund Freud = Proposed the tripartite structure of the mind Carl Rogers = Developed client-centered therapy
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions in Bandura's social learning theory:
Imitation = Learning occurs through this process Positive Reinforcement = More likely to occur if the model is reinforced Mediational Processes = Include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation Aggression = Behavior observed in the bobo doll experiment
Match the following concepts from the text with their correct descriptions:
Self-actualization = The innate tendency of individuals to strive towards growth and the fulfillment of their potential Positive self-regard = The belief that one is a valuable and worthy person Unconditional positive regard = The perception that one is valued and respected without any conditions Client-centered therapy = A non-directive therapy that aims to increase clients' self-worth and decrease the incongruence between the self-concept and the ideal self
Match the following terms with their definitions from the text:
Nature = The influence of biological drives and needs Nurture = The influence of experiences on a person's ways of perceiving and understanding the world Real self = How a person actually is Ideal self = How a person wants to be or thinks they should be
Match the following theories with their main proponents:
Psychodynamic approach = Sigmund Freud Hierarchy of needs = Abraham Maslow Social learning theory = Albert Bandura Client-centered therapy = Carl Rogers
Match the following therapy approaches with their key characteristics:
Client-centered therapy = Non-directive, focuses on the present, aims to increase self-worth Psychoanalysis = Analyzes the past to understand the present Behaviorism = Believes behavior is learned from the environment Cognitive approach = Focuses on learning and experience, as well as innate capacities as information processors
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Genotype = The genetic code that is written in the DNA, i.e., the genetic makeup of an individual Phenotype = The physical representation that results from the individual's genotype Concordance rate = The presence of the same trait in both members of a pair of twins Psychodynamic approach = Views our behavior as caused entirely by unconscious factors over which we have no control
Match the following psychological approaches with their key assumptions:
Biological approach = Aims to explain all behavior through the action of genetic or biochemical processes Psychodynamic approach = Views our behavior as caused entirely by unconscious factors over which we have no control Behaviorism = Argues that our behavior is learned from the environment Cognitive approach = Argues that our behavior is influenced by learning and experience, as well as by our brains' innate capacities as information processors
Match the following key figures with their theories or approaches:
Charles Darwin = Proposed the theory of natural selection Sigmund Freud = Proposed the tripartite structure of the mind and the psychodynamic approach B.F. Skinner = Associated with behaviorism and the concept of operant conditioning Carl Rogers = Associated with the humanistic approach and the concept of self-actualization
Match the following terms with their definitions:
ID = Part of the mind that contains our unconscious desires and drives Ego = Part of the mind that balances the demands of the ID and the superego Superego = Part of the mind that represents society's values and standards Defense mechanisms = Used to reduce anxiety caused by unconscious conflicts
Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of Bandura's social learning theory:
Mediational processes = Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response Vicarious reinforcement = Imitation is more likely to occur if the model is positively reinforced Imitation = Learning occurs through observation and imitation of others' behavior Model = The person who performs the behavior that is being observed and imitated
Match the following approaches with their main focus:
Behavioral approach = All behavior, no matter how complex, can be broken down into the fundamental processes of conditioning Cognitive approach = How our mental processes affect our behavior Biological approach = Explain all behavior through the action of genes or biochemical processes Psychodynamic approach = Our behavior is shaped by both innate biological instincts and our social environment
Match the following concepts with their definitions in the context of psychology:
Unconditioned stimulus = In Pavlov's experiment with the dogs, this was the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response Concordance rate = Used in twin studies to determine the percentage of twin pairs in which both twins show a particular trait or characteristic Schema = A mental framework of beliefs and expectations developed from experience Self-actualization = The process of realizing and fulfilling one's potential
Match the following types of aggression with their descriptions:
Verbal aggression = There was no difference in this type of aggression between boys and girls in the bobo doll experiment Physically aggressive acts = Boys imitated more of these acts than girls in the bobo doll experiment Aggression arousal = The children were taken to a room with some attractive toys but were told not to play with the toys Imitation = More likely to occur if the model is positively reinforced
Match the following research methods with their descriptions:
Laboratory experiments = These are the preferred method of investigation of the cognitive approach. They are highly controlled and replicable but lack ecological validity Case studies = These are used to study rare conditions which provide insight into the working of some mental processes. They deal with a very small sample and cannot be generalized to the wider population Brain imaging = fMRI and Pet scans are used to map areas of the brain to cognitive function because of the processing of information by centers in the brain to be seen directly Schemas = These are cognitive frameworks that help us organize and interpret information. They are based on our previous experience
Match the following brain scanning techniques with their descriptions:
fMRI = It is used to find out how brain structures influence the way we process information and map mental cognitive functions to specific areas of the brain PET scans = It is used to find out how brain structures influence the way we process information and map mental cognitive functions to specific areas of the brain Brain imaging = fMRI and Pet scans are used to map areas of the brain to cognitive function because of the processing of information by centers in the brain to be seen directly Laboratory experiments = These are the preferred method of investigation of the cognitive approach
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Heredity = The passing of characteristics from one generation to the next via genes Genotype = The genetic makeup of an individual Phenotype = The observable characteristics or traits of an individual Brain structures = These influence the way we process information and map mental cognitive functions to specific areas of the brain
Match the following psychological approaches with their main assumptions:
Cognitive approach = The way we process information is determined by our past experience (schemas) but we can change the way we think Biological approach = Our thinking and behavior are strongly determined by biological factors: structure and functioning of the nervous system, influenced by genetic and evolutionary factors Psychodynamic approach = Our behavior is shaped by both innate biological instincts (nature) and our social environment (nurture) Behaviorist approach = Our behavior is learned from the environment
Classical conditioning is learning through association and was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov.
True
Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
True
Skinner argued that learning is an active process.
True
Bandura's social learning theory proposes that learning occurs through observation and imitation of others' behavior.
True
In the bobo doll experiment, the children who had observed the aggressive model were less aggressive than the children from the other two groups.
False
Behaviorism is a pure behaviorist theory that focuses only on the behavior itself and does not consider the mental processes involved in learning.
False
The cognitive approach in psychology focuses on how our mental processes affect our behavior.
True
True or false: Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help us organize and interpret information based on our previous experience.
True
True or false: Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes, done through the use of brain scanning techniques such as fMRI.
True
True or false: The cognitive approach takes an interactionist view of the nature vs. nurture debate.
True
True or false: The biological approach assumes that our thinking and behavior are strongly determined by biological factors such as the structure and functioning of the nervous system.
True
True or false: According to Freud, human behavior is determined by unconscious motives shaped by biological drives and early experiences?
True
True or false: The concepts proposed by Freud can be tested empirically?
False
True or false: According to Maslow, people have needs that must be met for self-actualization to be possible?
True
True or false: According to Rogers, self-actualization is only possible if there is congruence between the real self and the ideal self?
True
Genes code for characteristics such as eye color but also for the structure of the nervous system and for the functioning of the nervous system, i. e., neurochemistry, the number of neurotransmitters produced, and the way they are used.
True
The biological approach in psychology is reductionist as it aims at explaining all behavior by the action of genetic or biochemical processes.
True
According to Freud, our personality is composed of three parts (tripartite): the ID, the ego, and the superego.
True
The psychodynamic approach views our behavior as caused entirely by unconscious factors over which we have no control.
True
What is classical conditioning and who first demonstrated it?
Classical conditioning is learning through association and it was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov.
What is positive reinforcement and how does it affect behavior?
Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
What is negative reinforcement and how does it affect behavior?
Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
What is the main difference between Bandura's social learning theory and behaviorism?
Bandura's social learning theory focuses on learning through observation and imitation of others' behavior, while behaviorism focuses on learning through conditioning.
What are the mediational processes in Bandura's social learning theory?
The mediational processes in Bandura's social learning theory are attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation.
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Vicarious reinforcement is when imitation is more likely to occur if the model (the person who performs the behavior) is positively reinforced.
How did the children in Group 1 behave in the bobo doll experiment?
The children in Group 1 imitated specific aggressive acts that were displayed by the model.
What is a schema?
A schema is a cognitive framework that helps us organize and interpret information based on our previous experience.
How do schemas help us interpret incoming information?
Schemas help us interpret incoming information quickly and effectively, preventing us from being overwhelmed by the vast amount of information we perceive in our environment.
What is the main assumption of the cognitive approach?
The main assumption of the cognitive approach is that our behavior is influenced by learning and experience (nurture) as well as by our brains' innate capacities as information processors (nature).
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using laboratory experiments in the cognitive approach?
Advantages: Laboratory experiments are highly controlled and replicable. Disadvantages: They lack ecological validity as they take place in artificial environments and the tasks are also artificial.
According to the text, what is the main focus of client-centered therapy?
The main focus of client-centered therapy is to increase clients' self-worth and decrease the incongruence between the self-concept and the ideal self.
According to Maslow, what needs must be satisfied before self-actualization can occur?
According to Maslow, the basic needs, such as food and water, must be satisfied before the higher needs.
According to Rogers, what is necessary for self-actualization to be possible?
According to Rogers, self-actualization is only possible if there is congruence between the way an individual sees themselves and their ideal self.
What is the aim of client-centered therapy?
The aim of client-centered therapy is to increase clients' self-worth and decrease the incongruence between the self-concept and the ideal self.
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is the genetic code written in the DNA, while phenotype is the physical representation that results from the individual's genotype.
What is the concordance rate used for in twin studies?
The concordance rate is used to determine the involvement of genetic factors by comparing the presence of the same trait in both monozygotic twins (MZ twins) and dizygotic twins (DZ twins).
Give an example of how genes and the social environment interact to influence characteristics.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an example where the presence of particular genes can lead to different outcomes depending on the social environment. If an individual with PKU follows a strict diet avoiding a certain substance, their phenotype will be normal intelligence and behavior. However, if they consume the substance, it will accumulate in the brain and lead to severe learning difficulties and behavioral problems.
What is the main focus of evolutionary psychology?
The main focus of evolutionary psychology is to explain mental and psychological traits, such as memory and perception, as adaptations that increase our chances of survival.
Test your knowledge on schemas and how they shape our perception and understanding of the world around us. Explore the concept of schemas and how they evolve as we age. Discover how schemas help us process information efficiently and avoid overload.
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