Approaches

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Which of the following is NOT one of the mediational processes in Bandura's social learning theory?

motor reproduction

attention

motivation (correct)

retention

According to Bandura's social learning theory, learning occurs through

observation and imitation of others' behavior (correct)

vicarious reinforcement

mediational processes

positive reinforcement

According to the bobo doll experiment, which group of children showed the most aggression when left on their own to play?

All groups showed equal aggression

Group 2

Group 1 (correct)

Group 3

Which approach argues that all behavior, no matter how complex, can be broken down into the fundamental processes of conditioning?

Behaviorist approach Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is a schema?

A cognitive framework that helps us organize and interpret information Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of cognitive neuroscience?

Studying the influence of brain structures on mental processes Signup and view all the answers

Which method of investigation is preferred by the cognitive approach?

Laboratory experiments Signup and view all the answers

What is the main assumption of the biological approach?

Our thinking and behavior are strongly determined by biological factors Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, human behavior is governed by universal processes that apply to everyone, but the ways in which these processes manifest themselves in the individual are unique. This approach is known as

Idiographic Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be satisfied before the higher ones?

Physiological needs Signup and view all the answers

According to Rogers, what is necessary for self-actualization to be possible?

Unconditional positive regard Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy approach aims to increase clients' self-worth and decrease the incongruence between the self-concept and the ideal self?

Client-centered therapy Signup and view all the answers

What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

The food Signup and view all the answers

What was the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

The sound of the bell Signup and view all the answers

In Skinner's experiment with the rat, what was the consequence of pressing the lever?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype refers to the genetic code written in the DNA, while phenotype refers to the physical representation that results from the individual's genotype. Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the concordance rate used for in twin studies?

To determine the involvement of genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does the biological approach in psychology focus on?

Explaining all behavior by the action of genetic or biochemical processes Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the psychodynamic approach in psychology?

An approach that views behavior as caused entirely by unconscious factors Signup and view all the answers

According to Pavlov, the ___________ was the unconditioned stimulus in his experiment with the dogs.

food Signup and view all the answers

Skinner argued that learning is an ________ process.

active Signup and view all the answers

Positive reinforcement _________ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

increases Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura's social learning theory, learning occurs through ______ and imitation of others' behavior.

observation Signup and view all the answers

Imitation is more likely to occur if the model is ______ reinforced.

positively Signup and view all the answers

Group 1 imitated more physically aggressive acts than ______.

girls Signup and view all the answers

Behaviorism is very much on the ______ side of the debate as it argues that our behavior is learned from the environment.

nurture Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main assumption of the ______ approach?

biological Signup and view all the answers

The cognitive approach uses lab experiments that are highly controlled; therefore, they are ______.

replicable Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is a ______?

schema Signup and view all the answers

The cognitive approach takes an ______ view of the debate as it argues that our behavior is influenced by learning and experience (nurture) but also by some of our brains' innate capacities as information processors, e.g., language acquisition (nature).

interactionist Signup and view all the answers

According to Charles Darwin, traits that enhance our chances of survival and reproduction will become ______ in a population.

more common Signup and view all the answers

The biological approach aims to explain all behavior through the action of ______ or biochemical processes.

genetic Signup and view all the answers

The psychodynamic approach views our behavior as caused entirely by ______ factors over which we have no control.

unconscious Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychodynamic approach, our behavior is shaped by both innate biological instincts (nature) and our ______ environment (nurture).

social and cultural Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, human behavior is determined by their unconscious motives, which are shaped by their biological drives and their early experiences. Freud argued that human behavior is governed by universal processes that apply to everyone, e.g., the tripartite structure of the mind (nomothetic); however, he also proposed that the ways in which these processes manifest themselves in the individual are unique (idiographic). The concepts proposed by Freud cannot be tested empirically. The theory is not falsifiable if people behave in the way predicted by the theory; it is viewed as support; if they don't, it is argued that they are using ______ mechanisms.

defense Signup and view all the answers

According to Rogers, people could only self-actualize if they had a positive view of themselves (positive self-regard). This can only happen if they have unconditional positive regard from others – if they feel that they are valued and respected without reservation by those around them (especially their parents when they were children). However, most people don't perceive the positive regard of others as being unconditional. They tend to think they will only be loved and valued if they meet certain ______ of worth.

conditions Signup and view all the answers

Self-actualization is only possible if there is congruence between the way an individual sees themselves and their ideal self (the way they want to be or think they should be). If there is a large gap between these two concepts, negative feelings of self-worth will arise that will make it impossible for self-actualization to take place. Based on this approach, client-centered therapy aims to increase clients' self-worth and decrease the incongruence between the self-concept and the ideal self. It is a non-directive therapy in which the client is encouraged to discover their own solutions to their difficulties in an atmosphere that is supportive and non-judgemental and that provides unconditional positive regard. It focuses on the present rather than dwelling on the past, unlike ______.

psychoanalysis Signup and view all the answers

The approach recognizes both the influence of nature and nurture, nurture- the influence of experiences on a person's ways of perceiving and understanding the world, and nature- the influence of biological drives and needs (Maslow's hierarchy of needs). As this approach views the individual as unique, it does not attempt to establish universal laws about the causes of behavior; it is an ______ approach.

idiographic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

Classical Conditioning = Learning through association Positive Reinforcement = Increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated Unconditioned Stimulus = The food in Pavlov's experiment with the dogs Conditioned Response = Salivation in response to the sound of the bell in Pavlov's experiment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychologists with their theories or concepts:

Ivan Pavlov = Demonstrated classical conditioning with dogs B.F. Skinner = Argued that learning is an active process Sigmund Freud = Proposed the tripartite structure of the mind Carl Rogers = Developed client-centered therapy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions in Bandura's social learning theory:

Imitation = Learning occurs through this process Positive Reinforcement = More likely to occur if the model is reinforced Mediational Processes = Include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation Aggression = Behavior observed in the bobo doll experiment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts from the text with their correct descriptions:

Self-actualization = The innate tendency of individuals to strive towards growth and the fulfillment of their potential Positive self-regard = The belief that one is a valuable and worthy person Unconditional positive regard = The perception that one is valued and respected without any conditions Client-centered therapy = A non-directive therapy that aims to increase clients' self-worth and decrease the incongruence between the self-concept and the ideal self Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions from the text:

Nature = The influence of biological drives and needs Nurture = The influence of experiences on a person's ways of perceiving and understanding the world Real self = How a person actually is Ideal self = How a person wants to be or thinks they should be Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their main proponents:

Psychodynamic approach = Sigmund Freud Hierarchy of needs = Abraham Maslow Social learning theory = Albert Bandura Client-centered therapy = Carl Rogers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following therapy approaches with their key characteristics:

Client-centered therapy = Non-directive, focuses on the present, aims to increase self-worth Psychoanalysis = Analyzes the past to understand the present Behaviorism = Believes behavior is learned from the environment Cognitive approach = Focuses on learning and experience, as well as innate capacities as information processors Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Genotype = The genetic code that is written in the DNA, i.e., the genetic makeup of an individual Phenotype = The physical representation that results from the individual's genotype Concordance rate = The presence of the same trait in both members of a pair of twins Psychodynamic approach = Views our behavior as caused entirely by unconscious factors over which we have no control Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychological approaches with their key assumptions:

Biological approach = Aims to explain all behavior through the action of genetic or biochemical processes Psychodynamic approach = Views our behavior as caused entirely by unconscious factors over which we have no control Behaviorism = Argues that our behavior is learned from the environment Cognitive approach = Argues that our behavior is influenced by learning and experience, as well as by our brains' innate capacities as information processors Signup and view all the answers

Match the following key figures with their theories or approaches:

Charles Darwin = Proposed the theory of natural selection Sigmund Freud = Proposed the tripartite structure of the mind and the psychodynamic approach B.F. Skinner = Associated with behaviorism and the concept of operant conditioning Carl Rogers = Associated with the humanistic approach and the concept of self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

ID = Part of the mind that contains our unconscious desires and drives Ego = Part of the mind that balances the demands of the ID and the superego Superego = Part of the mind that represents society's values and standards Defense mechanisms = Used to reduce anxiety caused by unconscious conflicts Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of Bandura's social learning theory:

Mediational processes = Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response Vicarious reinforcement = Imitation is more likely to occur if the model is positively reinforced Imitation = Learning occurs through observation and imitation of others' behavior Model = The person who performs the behavior that is being observed and imitated Signup and view all the answers

Match the following approaches with their main focus:

Behavioral approach = All behavior, no matter how complex, can be broken down into the fundamental processes of conditioning Cognitive approach = How our mental processes affect our behavior Biological approach = Explain all behavior through the action of genes or biochemical processes Psychodynamic approach = Our behavior is shaped by both innate biological instincts and our social environment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions in the context of psychology:

Unconditioned stimulus = In Pavlov's experiment with the dogs, this was the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response Concordance rate = Used in twin studies to determine the percentage of twin pairs in which both twins show a particular trait or characteristic Schema = A mental framework of beliefs and expectations developed from experience Self-actualization = The process of realizing and fulfilling one's potential Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of aggression with their descriptions:

Verbal aggression = There was no difference in this type of aggression between boys and girls in the bobo doll experiment Physically aggressive acts = Boys imitated more of these acts than girls in the bobo doll experiment Aggression arousal = The children were taken to a room with some attractive toys but were told not to play with the toys Imitation = More likely to occur if the model is positively reinforced Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research methods with their descriptions:

Laboratory experiments = These are the preferred method of investigation of the cognitive approach. They are highly controlled and replicable but lack ecological validity Case studies = These are used to study rare conditions which provide insight into the working of some mental processes. They deal with a very small sample and cannot be generalized to the wider population Brain imaging = fMRI and Pet scans are used to map areas of the brain to cognitive function because of the processing of information by centers in the brain to be seen directly Schemas = These are cognitive frameworks that help us organize and interpret information. They are based on our previous experience Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain scanning techniques with their descriptions:

fMRI = It is used to find out how brain structures influence the way we process information and map mental cognitive functions to specific areas of the brain PET scans = It is used to find out how brain structures influence the way we process information and map mental cognitive functions to specific areas of the brain Brain imaging = fMRI and Pet scans are used to map areas of the brain to cognitive function because of the processing of information by centers in the brain to be seen directly Laboratory experiments = These are the preferred method of investigation of the cognitive approach Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Heredity = The passing of characteristics from one generation to the next via genes Genotype = The genetic makeup of an individual Phenotype = The observable characteristics or traits of an individual Brain structures = These influence the way we process information and map mental cognitive functions to specific areas of the brain Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychological approaches with their main assumptions:

Cognitive approach = The way we process information is determined by our past experience (schemas) but we can change the way we think Biological approach = Our thinking and behavior are strongly determined by biological factors: structure and functioning of the nervous system, influenced by genetic and evolutionary factors Psychodynamic approach = Our behavior is shaped by both innate biological instincts (nature) and our social environment (nurture) Behaviorist approach = Our behavior is learned from the environment Signup and view all the answers