Approaches

Which of the following is NOT one of the mediational processes in Bandura's social learning theory?

According to Bandura's social learning theory, learning occurs through

According to the bobo doll experiment, which group of children showed the most aggression when left on their own to play?

Which approach argues that all behavior, no matter how complex, can be broken down into the fundamental processes of conditioning?

According to the text, what is a schema?

What is the main focus of cognitive neuroscience?

Which method of investigation is preferred by the cognitive approach?

What is the main assumption of the biological approach?

According to Freud, human behavior is governed by universal processes that apply to everyone, but the ways in which these processes manifest themselves in the individual are unique. This approach is known as

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be satisfied before the higher ones?

According to Rogers, what is necessary for self-actualization to be possible?

Which therapy approach aims to increase clients' self-worth and decrease the incongruence between the self-concept and the ideal self?

What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

What was the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

In Skinner's experiment with the rat, what was the consequence of pressing the lever?

According to the text, what is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

According to the text, what is the concordance rate used for in twin studies?

According to the text, what does the biological approach in psychology focus on?

According to the text, what is the psychodynamic approach in psychology?

According to Pavlov, the ___________ was the unconditioned stimulus in his experiment with the dogs.

Skinner argued that learning is an ________ process.

Positive reinforcement _________ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

According to Bandura's social learning theory, learning occurs through ______ and imitation of others' behavior.

Imitation is more likely to occur if the model is ______ reinforced.

Group 1 imitated more physically aggressive acts than ______.

Behaviorism is very much on the ______ side of the debate as it argues that our behavior is learned from the environment.

According to the text, what is the main assumption of the ______ approach?

The cognitive approach uses lab experiments that are highly controlled; therefore, they are ______.

According to the text, what is a ______?

The cognitive approach takes an ______ view of the debate as it argues that our behavior is influenced by learning and experience (nurture) but also by some of our brains' innate capacities as information processors, e.g., language acquisition (nature).

According to Charles Darwin, traits that enhance our chances of survival and reproduction will become ______ in a population.

The biological approach aims to explain all behavior through the action of ______ or biochemical processes.

The psychodynamic approach views our behavior as caused entirely by ______ factors over which we have no control.

According to the psychodynamic approach, our behavior is shaped by both innate biological instincts (nature) and our ______ environment (nurture).

According to Freud, human behavior is determined by their unconscious motives, which are shaped by their biological drives and their early experiences. Freud argued that human behavior is governed by universal processes that apply to everyone, e.g., the tripartite structure of the mind (nomothetic); however, he also proposed that the ways in which these processes manifest themselves in the individual are unique (idiographic). The concepts proposed by Freud cannot be tested empirically. The theory is not falsifiable if people behave in the way predicted by the theory; it is viewed as support; if they don't, it is argued that they are using ______ mechanisms.

According to Rogers, people could only self-actualize if they had a positive view of themselves (positive self-regard). This can only happen if they have unconditional positive regard from others – if they feel that they are valued and respected without reservation by those around them (especially their parents when they were children). However, most people don't perceive the positive regard of others as being unconditional. They tend to think they will only be loved and valued if they meet certain ______ of worth.

Self-actualization is only possible if there is congruence between the way an individual sees themselves and their ideal self (the way they want to be or think they should be). If there is a large gap between these two concepts, negative feelings of self-worth will arise that will make it impossible for self-actualization to take place. Based on this approach, client-centered therapy aims to increase clients' self-worth and decrease the incongruence between the self-concept and the ideal self. It is a non-directive therapy in which the client is encouraged to discover their own solutions to their difficulties in an atmosphere that is supportive and non-judgemental and that provides unconditional positive regard. It focuses on the present rather than dwelling on the past, unlike ______.

The approach recognizes both the influence of nature and nurture, nurture- the influence of experiences on a person's ways of perceiving and understanding the world, and nature- the influence of biological drives and needs (Maslow's hierarchy of needs). As this approach views the individual as unique, it does not attempt to establish universal laws about the causes of behavior; it is an ______ approach.

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

Match the following psychologists with their theories or concepts:

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions in Bandura's social learning theory:

Match the following concepts from the text with their correct descriptions:

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Match the following theories with their main proponents:

Match the following therapy approaches with their key characteristics:

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Match the following psychological approaches with their key assumptions:

Match the following key figures with their theories or approaches:

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of Bandura's social learning theory:

Match the following approaches with their main focus:

Match the following concepts with their definitions in the context of psychology:

Match the following types of aggression with their descriptions:

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Match the following brain scanning techniques with their descriptions:

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Classical conditioning is learning through association and was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov.

Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Skinner argued that learning is an active process.

Bandura's social learning theory proposes that learning occurs through observation and imitation of others' behavior.

In the bobo doll experiment, the children who had observed the aggressive model were less aggressive than the children from the other two groups.

Behaviorism is a pure behaviorist theory that focuses only on the behavior itself and does not consider the mental processes involved in learning.

The cognitive approach in psychology focuses on how our mental processes affect our behavior.

True or false: Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help us organize and interpret information based on our previous experience.

True or false: Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes, done through the use of brain scanning techniques such as fMRI.

True or false: The cognitive approach takes an interactionist view of the nature vs. nurture debate.

True or false: The biological approach assumes that our thinking and behavior are strongly determined by biological factors such as the structure and functioning of the nervous system.

True or false: According to Freud, human behavior is determined by unconscious motives shaped by biological drives and early experiences?

True or false: The concepts proposed by Freud can be tested empirically?

True or false: According to Maslow, people have needs that must be met for self-actualization to be possible?

True or false: According to Rogers, self-actualization is only possible if there is congruence between the real self and the ideal self?

Genes code for characteristics such as eye color but also for the structure of the nervous system and for the functioning of the nervous system, i. e., neurochemistry, the number of neurotransmitters produced, and the way they are used.

The biological approach in psychology is reductionist as it aims at explaining all behavior by the action of genetic or biochemical processes.

According to Freud, our personality is composed of three parts (tripartite): the ID, the ego, and the superego.

The psychodynamic approach views our behavior as caused entirely by unconscious factors over which we have no control.

What is classical conditioning and who first demonstrated it?

What is positive reinforcement and how does it affect behavior?

What is negative reinforcement and how does it affect behavior?

What is the main difference between Bandura's social learning theory and behaviorism?

What are the mediational processes in Bandura's social learning theory?

What is vicarious reinforcement?

How did the children in Group 1 behave in the bobo doll experiment?

What is a schema?

How do schemas help us interpret incoming information?

What is the main assumption of the cognitive approach?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using laboratory experiments in the cognitive approach?

According to the text, what is the main focus of client-centered therapy?

According to Maslow, what needs must be satisfied before self-actualization can occur?

According to Rogers, what is necessary for self-actualization to be possible?

What is the aim of client-centered therapy?

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

What is the concordance rate used for in twin studies?

Give an example of how genes and the social environment interact to influence characteristics.

What is the main focus of evolutionary psychology?