Scapular Winging and Swimmer's Shoulder: Causes and Symptoms

Scapular Winging

• Main mechanism of scapular winging is nerve damage
• Spinal accessory nerve crosses over the posterior cervical triangle
• Long Thoracic Nerve innervates the Serratus Anterior
• Symptoms of scapular winging include difficulty with overhead motions
• Aggressive treatment includes scapulothoracic arthrodesis

Swimmer's Shoulder

• Main cause of swimmer's shoulder is overuse of shoulder muscles
• Rotator cuff is the most commonly affected muscle in swimmer's shoulder
• Most common symptom of impingement syndrome is shoulder pain
• Increasing swimming intensity and frequency is not a common treatment option for swimmer's shoulder

Malignant Melanoma

• Sunburn is a mechanism of malignant melanoma
• Layer between the epidermis and dermis is called the basement membrane
• "A" in the "ABCD" criteria stands for asymmetry
• Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a 2-step procedure
• Chest radiograph is an annual test for malignant melanoma

Thermoregulation

• Primary function of the hypothalamus in response to cold temperatures is to initiate heat production and conservation responses
• Hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining core body temperature
• Hyperthermia is not a symptom of hypothermia
• Extracorporeal blood warming is the most effective for rewarming a patient

Heatstroke

• Not sweating is not a symptom of heatstroke
• Children and elderly are most susceptible to heatstroke
• Goal of heatstroke treatment is to lower the body’s temperature
• Staying hydrated, avoiding exertion, and wearing loose fitting clothes all prevent heatstroke

Turf Toe

• Most common mechanism for turf toe is sports
• MTP stands for metatarsophalangeal
• Lachman's test should be performed for turf toe
• Main form of treatment for turf toe is R.I.C.E
• Turf toe happens most in football

Commotio Cordis

• Commotio cordis is a sudden cardiac arrest triggered by blunt chest trauma
• Heart is directly impacted by commotio cordis
• Most common immediate symptom of commotio cordis is loss of consciousness
• CPR and AED should be used for immediate treatment of commotio cordis
• A sudden blunt chest trauma is the mechanism for commotio cordis

Tibial Stress Fracture

• Most effective form of aggressive treatment for a tibial stress fracture is surgery
• Pain in the knee is not a symptom of a tibial stress fracture
• 25+ miles of running per week is a risk factor for a tibial stress fracture
• Tibial shaft is the most common fracture site for a tibial stress fracture
• Swimming is not a mechanism for a tibial stress fracture

Sternoclavicular Separation

• CT scans are the most commonly used in identifying Sternoclavicular separation
• Chest pain was 100% present in patients with commotio cordis
• Medial end of the clavicle is the last to fuse
• Use of closed reduction in sternoclavicular separation is effective but does not get rid of physical deformity
• Most common mechanism of sternoclavicular separation is motor vehicle accidents

Achilles Tendon Rupture

• Most common mechanism of an achilles tendon rupture is heavy pushing off
• Gastrocnemius is the origin of the achilles tendon
• Patients will report loud popping sounds from an achilles tendon rupture
• Patients being diagnosed with achilles tendon rupture will lie prone for the Thompson test
• Achilles tendon ruptures happen the most often in football players

Achilles Tendinopathy

• Medication is not an intrinsic factor of achilles tendinopathy
• Achilles tendon is made up of mostly type 1 collagen
• Sural nerve innervates the achilles tendon
• Patients with achillies tendinopathy will report morning stiffness
• Tibialis anterior tendon can replace the flexor hallucis longus in an FHL transfer
• Lateral approach to the detachment/reattachment of the achilles tendon leads to less post-surgery complications

Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) Tear

• Valgus stress causes an UCL tear
• Most common sport for a UCL tear is baseball
• Wrist is a condyloid joint
• Hook test is not used to find a UCL tear
• Orthobiologics are not surgical treatment for a UCL tear