Scanning Examination and Blood Pressure Assessment
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Questions and Answers

What is one situation where the scanning examination is particularly useful?

  • No previous surgeries on the spine
  • History of multiple traumas
  • Normal sensation in the limb
  • Presence of radicular signs (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a part of the spinal assessment during the scanning examination?

  • Sensory scan of spine
  • Active movements
  • Joint play (correct)
  • Peripheral joint scan

How does the scanning examination impact the overall assessment time?

  • It adds a few minutes to the assessment (correct)
  • It significantly reduces the assessment time
  • It has no effect on the assessment time
  • It varies depending on the examiner

Which assessment is performed in both the spinal and peripheral assessments of the scanning examination?

<p>Passive movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the concepts related to the scanning examination?

<p>James Cyriax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum rest period recommended before taking a blood pressure measurement?

<p>5 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification indicates elevated blood pressure for an adolescent aged 13-15 years?

<p>Systolic: 130-139, Diastolic: 85-89 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the cuff fit when measuring blood pressure?

<p>It should be two-thirds of the upper arm's circumference. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if blood pressure readings vary by more than 6 mm Hg?

<p>Repeat the measurement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what frequency should manometers used for taking blood pressure be calibrated?

<p>Every six months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a nerve root in relation to the spinal cord?

<p>It connects to the spinal cord and supplies multiple peripheral nerves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerve roots contribute to the median nerve?

<p>C6, C7, C8, and T1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might symptoms from a nerve root lesion resemble?

<p>Peripheral nerve symptoms but differ in signs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical component of a sensory scan during examination?

<p>Utilization of concepts like 'contractile' and 'inert' tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which examination method helps differentiate dermatomes from peripheral nerve distributions?

<p>Thorough physical examination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the observation phase in an assessment?

<p>To gain information on visible defects and abnormalities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of pain behavior observed in patients?

<p>Flagging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When observing a patient's posture, what should the examiner look for?

<p>asymmetries relevant to the assessed problem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bony landmarks should align in a normal body alignment from the side?

<p>Tip of the nose, xiphisternum, umbilicus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Trendelenburg sign associated with?

<p>Pelvic drop due to weak hip abductors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of deformity resolves when posture changes?

<p>Functional deformities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which signs indicate muscle wasting in soft-tissue contours?

<p>Visible lack of muscle definition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During initial observation, how should the examiner analyze the patient?

<p>Using their dominant eye for bilateral comparison (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of pelvic position in posture assessment?

<p>It affects the stability and alignment of the spine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best describes 'guarding' in pain behavior observation?

<p>Abnormally stiff and interrupted movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal respiratory rate for toddlers aged 1-3 years?

<p>20-30 breaths per minute (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended order of testing during a physical examination?

<p>Active movements first, passive movements second, followed by painful movements last (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial step before performing an examination on a patient?

<p>Obtaining valid consent from the patient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a red flag in examination?

<p>Mild discomfort when moving (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age group does the heart rate range from 120 to 160 beats per minute?

<p>Newborn (1-12 months) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the temperature for preschoolers aged 3-5 years?

<p>98.6°F (37.0°C) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the examination, what should be evaluated first?

<p>Active movements of the joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided during joint movements in an examination?

<p>Active movements that cause pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight range for infants aged 1-3 years?

<p>4.5-7 kg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the ligamentous testing, what is emphasized?

<p>Note the quality of the end feel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might indicate inflammation in a patient during an examination?

<p>Heat, swelling, and redness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes recent scars as opposed to older ones?

<p>Recent scars tend to be red due to the presence of capillaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate diastolic blood pressure range for school-age children (6-12 years)?

<p>48-80 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which expression might indicate a patient's discomfort during examination?

<p>Tense and apprehensive facial expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For adolescents aged 13-17 years, what is the normal diastolic blood pressure range?

<p>55-105 mmHg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crepitus in the joints is characterized by which of the following?

<p>Snapping, clicking, or grinding sounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that a patient may be experiencing severe symptoms during an examination?

<p>Night pain that disrupts sleep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a movement causes a patient pain during examination?

<p>Apply gentle pressure to the affected area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step to be taken before examining a joint?

<p>Obtain valid, informed consent from the patient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is bilateral testing performed during a joint examination?

<p>To establish a baseline for normal movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should painful movements be performed during a joint examination?

<p>Last, to prevent escalation of pain during the examination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when applying overpressure during the examination?

<p>Use extreme caution to avoid exacerbating symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of examination is the end feel of a joint assessed?

<p>During active range of motion (AROM) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key sign that may warrant immediate medical consultation?

<p>Elevated body temperature especially prolonged (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be noted regarding symptoms during the examination?

<p>Symptoms could be exacerbated during examination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of myotome testing?

<p>To identify any weakness in muscle groups related to nerve roots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should resisted isometric movements be performed?

<p>In a neutral or resting position to minimize stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored during repeated active or passive movements?

<p>Changes in symptoms, movement patterns, or weakness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Observation in Assessment

The initial stage of assessment that involves visually inspecting the patient to gather information about visible defects, functional deficits, and abnormalities in alignment.

Overt Pain Behavior

Observable signs of pain that the patient might exhibit, such as guarding, bracing, rubbing, grimacing, or sighing.

Guarding (Pain Behavior)

Stiff, interrupted, or rigid movement, suggesting the patient is trying to protect an injured area.

Bracing (Pain Behavior)

Stationary position with a fully extended limb used to support an abnormal weight distribution, signifying a need to stabilize the area.

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Rubbing (Pain Behavior)

Constantly touching, rubbing, or holding the injured area.

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Grimacing (Pain Behavior)

Facial expressions that indicate pain, such as furrowed brows, narrowed eyes, tightened lips, or clenched teeth.

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Sighing (Pain Behavior)

Exaggerated outward breath often accompanied by rising and falling shoulders, indicating a response to pain.

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Initial Gait Assessment

Observing the patient's walking pattern during the initial part of the assessment to identify potential issues like Trendelenburg sign or drop foot.

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Normal Body Alignment

The proper position of the body, where certain anatomical landmarks should align in a straight line, both from the front and the side.

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Neutral Pelvic Position

A balanced positioning of the pelvis where the anterior superior iliac spines are slightly below the posterior superior iliac spines.

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Valid Consent

Permission given by the patient to perform an examination that may involve touching them and potentially causing discomfort.

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Examination Purpose

The examination aims to confirm or disprove the suspected diagnosis based on initial observations.

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Thorough Examination

The examination must be comprehensive and cover all relevant aspects of the patient's condition.

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Acute vs. Chronic

Care must be taken to differentiate between acute and chronic conditions, especially if the patient has muscle spasm or unusual pain.

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Red Flag Symptoms

These are signs that indicate a potentially serious underlying issue and require immediate attention.

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Baseline Movement

Testing one side first allows establishing a reference point for movement and provides the patient with an idea of what to expect.

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Active vs. Passive Movement

The patient moves the joint actively first, then the examiner passively moves it. This helps understand the joint's full range before stretching it.

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Avoid Painful Movements

Avoid movements that cause pain to prevent accidental worsening of symptoms.

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Gentle Pressure

If active movement causes pain, apply gentle pressure to minimize pain exacerbation.

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Ecchymosis

Bruising or discoloration caused by blood leaking into the skin.

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Valid, Informed Consent

Permission from a patient to perform an examination, obtained through a voluntary, clear, and understandable process, ensuring the patient understands the procedures.

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Systematical Examination

A structured approach for examining a joint, following a consistent pattern to observe signs and symptoms, allowing for accurate diagnosis.

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Bilateral Testing

Examining both the affected and unaffected sides of the body to create a baseline for normal movement.

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Active Movement Before Passive Movement

Assessing the patient's own movement ability first, then testing their range with your help, followed by resistance.

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End Feel Assessment

Examining the quality of a joint's movement at the end of its range, indicating the type of tissue limiting movement.

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Resisted Isometric Movement

Testing muscle strength by asking the patient to hold a position against the examiner's force.

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Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

Measuring the range of motion (ROM) of a joint when moved by the examiner.

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Myotome Testing

Evaluating muscle groups associated with specific nerve roots to identify any weakness or damage.

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Red Flags for Medical Consultation

Signs or symptoms that indicate a serious condition requiring immediate medical attention.

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Vital Signs Assessment

Measuring basic physiological indicators, such as pulse, blood pressure, and temperature, to establish baseline health status.

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Blood Pressure Measurement

The process of measuring the pressure of blood pushing against artery walls. It involves using a cuff to measure systolic and diastolic pressures.

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Systolic Blood Pressure

The highest pressure in your arteries when your heart beats, representing the force with which blood is pushed out of the heart.

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Diastolic Blood Pressure

The lowest pressure in your arteries when your heart relaxes between beats, representing the pressure in your arteries at rest.

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Hypertension

A condition where your blood pressure is consistently too high, putting extra strain on your blood vessels and heart.

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Blood Pressure Classification

Categorizing blood pressure readings based on age and pressure levels to determine if it's normal, high, or dangerously high.

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Normal Respiratory Rate

The number of breaths a person takes per minute, typically ranging from 18 to 20 for adults, but varying slightly based on age group.

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Active Movements

Exercises or actions that the patient performs themselves.

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Passive Movements

Exercises or actions that are performed by the examiner or therapist.

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End-Feel

The sensation you feel at the end of passive range of motion as your test the joint or ligament. It can be normal or abnormal.

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What is a scanning examination?

A quick overview of the spine and extremities to identify potential sources of pathology, especially in cases of spinal or peripheral joint problems. It helps determine the general location of the problem.

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When should a scanning examination be used?

A scanning examination is useful when the cause of pain is unclear, especially when there is no history of trauma, radicular signs, or altered limb sensation.

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What are the steps of a scanning examination?

The examination is divided into two parts: (A) Spinal Assessment and (B) Peripheral Assessment. Both parts involve active and passive movements, resisted isometric movements, peripheral joint scan, myotome testing, and sensory scan.

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What are myotomes?

Muscle groups associated with specific nerve roots. Testing their strength helps identify potential nerve damage.

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What are the special tests in a scanning examination?

In addition to the general assessments, special tests like joint play, palpation, and imaging techniques are used to further investigate specific areas or suspected pathologies.

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Nerve Root Lesion

Damage to a nerve root, the portion of a peripheral nerve connecting to the spinal cord. This can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the areas supplied by that nerve.

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Plexuses

Networks of interwoven nerve roots that form major nerve trunks. Examples include the brachial plexus (arm), lumbar plexus (leg), and lumbosacral plexus (leg).

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Dermatomes

Areas of skin that are supplied by a specific nerve root. Knowing dermatomes helps identify which nerve root might be affected by pain or other symptoms.

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Myotomes

Muscle groups that are innervated by a specific nerve root. Testing myotomes helps assess nerve root function by checking muscle strength.

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Neurodynamic Tests

Tests that assess the mobility and function of nerves by stretching them. Examples include the upper limb tension test (ULTT) and the slump test.

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