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Questions and Answers
What is a major building block of life?
Which environmental factor limits metabolic activity?
How does an object's surface area to volume ratio change when it doubles in size?
What is the term for the relationships between characteristics relative to body size?
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What is a characteristic of the aquatic environment?
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Which of the following is an evolutionary limitation?
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What is the primary function of an organism's surface in relation to its environment?
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If the length of an organism is doubled, what would be the effect on its surface area?
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What is the term for the similarity between organisms due to shared ancestry?
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Which of the following is an example of a physiological adaptation in an Arctic Fox?
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What is the main limitation of physiological adaptations in animals?
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What is the term for the dynamic regulation of an animal's internal environment?
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If the total volume of sand emptied is increased by eight times, how long would it take to empty the sand compared to the original time?
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Which of the following is an example of a conformer?
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What is the primary focus of physiology in understanding the body's responses to the environment?
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What is a key factor that shapes and limits physiology?
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What is the purpose of using model organisms in physiology research?
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What is the principle underlying the use of model organisms in physiology research?
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What is a key application of animal physiology in agricultural production?
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What is the basis of life, according to the field of physiology?
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Study Notes
Scaling Limitations
- If an object doubles in size, its surface area increases by a factor of 4, and its volume increases by a factor of 8.
- As a result, its surface area to volume ratio decreases.
- Emptying of sand from a container takes 2 times longer if the surface area is doubled.
Environmental Limitations
- Environmental limitations include light, temperature, water, pH, and radiation.
- Aquatic environment: wet, less light, more dense, more viscous, oxygen hard to extract, abundant suspended nutrients.
- Terrestrial environment: dry, more light, less dense, less viscous, oxygen easier to extract, no suspended nutrients.
Evolutionary Limitations
- Physiological limitations are influenced by ancestral characteristics of each animal group.
- Homology is similarity due to ancestry.
- Analogy is similarity due to similar environmental pressures, independent of ancestry.
Adaptation
- Physiological adaptation: a metabolic or physiologic adjustment within an organism in response to an environmental stimulus.
- Examples of adaptation in Arctic Fox:
- Fur with insulative properties to keep warm.
- Reduced heat loss through adaptations to body components.
- Ability to stand on cold surfaces due to capillary rete in pads.
- Can reduce metabolic rate to conserve energy.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the dynamic regulation of an animal's internal environment.
- Many parameters are regulated, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and glucose.
Physiology
- Physiology is the study of how structure and function of the body work together to allow behavioral responses to the environment.
- Physiology is integrative, shaped and limited by chemical and physical properties of the environment and evolutionary relationships.
- It is related to other fields of biology, such as anatomy, biogeography, biomechanics, conservation biology, ecology, and ethology.
Applications
- Applications of animal physiology include understanding human health and diseases, agricultural production of animals for food, and understanding invasive species.
Model Organisms
- A model organism is a non-human species used to help us understand biological processes.
- Examples of model organisms are useful for genetics research and are generally easy to work with, maintain, and breed.
The Basis of Physiology
- Life is based on carbon as major building blocks, water as a solvent, and light as life-sustaining energy.
Limitations of Physiological Functions
- Physiological functions are limited by environmental, scaling, and evolutionary limitations.
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Description
Understanding the relationship between surface area and volume in living organisms, including scaling limitations and the impact on exchange of materials with the environment.
