S&B Pharmacy Lesson 2: Factors in Development

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary purpose of the original inserts/package information leaflets developed by manufacturers?

To serve as an information source for physicians.

What was the significant change in informational leaflets that occurred from the 1970s onwards?

They became patient-oriented instead of physician-oriented.

When did instruments for medication evaluation initially come into use?

In the 1970s.

What technology was introduced in pharmacies to aid in medication surveillance?

Cards and later computers containing prescription information. Signup and view all the answers

What decade saw a shift in pharmacists' communication style, moving from indirect to direct patient communication?

The 1980s. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of pharmaceutical care did pharmacists begin to emphasize in addition to surveillance?

Counselling. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind the development of patient-oriented informational leaflets?

Concerns for patient rights and demands for more information on their medications. Signup and view all the answers

What time period has seen a greater professional and political focus on satisfying patients' demands for more information on their medications?

The last two to three decades. Signup and view all the answers

When did industrial production of drugs begin in Western countries?

At the end of the 19th century Signup and view all the answers

What was the view of pharmacists during industrial manufacturing of drugs?

Pharmacists used less skills as compared to early days Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of commercialization of pharmacy?

Decline in patient care and social and ethical standards in pharmacy practice Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of drug advertising on patient awareness and demand?

Patient awareness and demand for information increased Signup and view all the answers

How did physicians and pharmacists respond to drug advertising?

They started to question the ethical aspects of these advertisements Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of drug advertising on the role of pharmacists?

The role of the pharmacist in advising physicians became increasingly recognized Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 1960s in the development of social and behavioral pharmacy?

The growing commercial influence of television advertising on drug consumption began Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate goal of the provision of drugs?

To serve the interest of the patient Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant shift in the role of pharmacists in the 1960s?

Pharmacists became more of a source of information rather than compounders. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the establishment of community health centers in the 1960s?

Pharmacists took advantage of community health centers to provide drug information. Signup and view all the answers

What was the realization among professional pharmacists in the 1960s?

Pharmacists realized their duty to provide optimal pharmaceutical care to the individual and community, and their professional responsibility to patients. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 'Paris Revolution' in 1968?

It triggered demands for greater rights for the individual, including patients' right to drug information. Signup and view all the answers

What were the concerns raised by the Dutch society for advancement of pharmacy (KNMP) regarding patient rights?

The concerns were privacy of patients, and education level and attitude of co-workers in the pharmacy. Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of pharmacists in offering health education to the public in the 1960s?

Pharmacists provided health education to the public, including drug information support. Signup and view all the answers

How did the emergence of social pharmacy in the 1960s impact pharmacists' responsibilities?

It led to a greater recognition of pharmacists' professional responsibility to patients and the community. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of pharmacists' recognition of patients' rights to drug information?

It marked a shift towards a more patient-centered approach to pharmacy practice, where patients were empowered to make informed decisions about their health. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of computer systems in maintaining patient medication data, starting from the 1990s?

Medication surveillance and analysis Signup and view all the answers

What are the key aspects of medication surveillance and information sharing?

Interactions, contraindications, compliance, and dosing Signup and view all the answers

How have pharmacies benefited from medication surveillance systems?

Establish quality control mechanisms, develop routines for handling information, and complement information available to physicians Signup and view all the answers

What shift in focus did the pharmacy profession witness in the 1980s and 1990s?

A more patient-focused approach Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of patient-centred care?

Pharmacists' activities, patient advisory role, clinical pharmacy movement, and advancement of social pharmacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the current approach of pharmacy professionals?

Providing medicines and related information, recognizing the patient's role, and increased awareness of clients' needs and expectations Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of re-professionalization of pharmacists in the current approach?

Pharmacists are recognizing their role beyond being drug specialists Signup and view all the answers

What changes have been made to the undergraduate curriculum in pharmacy education?

Teaching Social & Behavioural pharmacy in addition to the traditional four subjects Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Industrial Production of Drugs

Industrial production of drugs began in Western countries at the end of the 19th century
This marked the beginning of the shift in the pharmacist's professional role
Control of drugs and their distribution became the central focus
Industrial manufacturing led to a view that pharmacists used less skills compared to early days

Commercialization of Pharmacy

Led to a decline in patient care
Decline in the level of social and ethical standards in pharmacy practice
Gradual reduction of the role of the pharmacist in the preparation of medicines

Drug Advertising

Pharmaceutical industry started advertising drugs to prescribers and the public from the 1960s
Created patient awareness and demand for information
Led to recognition that the provision of drugs should ultimately serve the interest of the patient
Physicians and pharmacists began questioning the ethical aspects of these advertisements
The role of the pharmacist in advising physicians became increasingly recognized
Pharmacists became more of a source of information rather than compounders

Health Education

The pharmacist's role in offering health education to the public became increasingly important from the 1960s
Coincided with the establishment of community health centers in many countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe
Pharmacists took advantage of community health centers to provide drug information

Role of the Patient

Emergence of social pharmacy in early 1960s coincided with the realization among professional pharmacists of:
- Duty to provide optimal pharmaceutical care to the individual and community
- Professional responsibility with regard to the customer (patients/clients)
There was acceptance among pharmacy professionals that the patient had a right to drug information
This realization coincided with the 'Paris Revolution' (1968) that triggered demands for greater rights for the individual

Concerns for Patient Rights

Potential areas of concern with regard to patient rights were:
- Privacy of patients
- Education level and attitude of the co-workers in the pharmacy
Moves from the 1970s in Europe to modify the information leaflets/package inserts for patient information
Originally, the inserts were developed by the manufacturers and were written in scientific language to serve as an information source for physicians
Later, informational leaflets were developed on groups of drugs and were patient-oriented instead of physician-oriented

Patient Medication Surveillance

Instruments for medication-evaluation initially came into use in the 1970s
Cards and later computers containing prescription information were introduced in the pharmacy
These became critical instruments in medication surveillance and in extending the role of the pharmacist
From the 1980s, pharmacists began to communicate directly with patients and not through physicians
Alongside surveillance, the profession embraced counseling as an integral part of pharmaceutical care

Patient Medication Surveillance (cont'd)

In the last two decades, computer systems have become critical in maintaining patient medication data and in medication analysis
Medication surveillance and information sharing have increasingly focused on:
- Interactions
- Contraindications
- Compliance
- Dosing
Pharmacies are able to establish quality control mechanisms, develop routines for handling information generated by their surveillance systems, and complement the information available to physicians on patients' medication

Patient-Centred Approach

The 1980s and 1990s witnessed a shift in focus of the pharmacy profession to a more patient-focused approach
Pharmacists realized that their role went beyond being drug specialists and protecting the public from drug misuse
Patient-centred care developed alongside the concept of comprehensive care (holistic care)
Internationally, the profession began to embrace pharmaceutical care
This involved paying more attention to:
- Pharmacists' activities
- Their patient advisory role
- Clinical pharmacy movement
- Advancement of the field of social pharmacy

Current Approach

This approach involves:
- Providing medicines and related information
- Recognizing the role of the patient in health care
- Increased awareness of the needs and expectations of clients (patients/service recipients)
- Re-professionalization of pharmacists
- Teaching Social & Behavioral Pharmacy in undergraduate curriculum in addition to the traditional four: Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Pharmacognosy

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Description

This quiz covers the factors that contributed to the development of social and behavioral pharmacy, including industrial production of drugs and its impact on the pharmacist's professional role.