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Questions and Answers
Clay pipes must comply with ______ SANS 559.
SANS
Caulked joints were replaced by mechanically ______ joints.
flexible
The minimum cover for pipes should be ______ mm, or encased in concrete.
800
Anchor blocks are usually made of mass ______ to prevent pipes from moving.
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The minimum permissible full bore velocity for sewerage pipes must not be less than ______ m/s.
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A civil engineer is responsible for designing roads and _______ pipes.
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Different forms of drainage include surface water, sub-surface, natural, and _______ drainage.
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The arrangement of a drainage scheme is governed by factors such as topography and the _______ of public pipes.
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Rigid drainpipes are commonly made from clay and _______ iron.
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SANS 559 specifies the requirements for VC sewer pipe and _______.
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Study Notes
SANS 1200 Series and Clay Pipes
- SANS standards provide specifications for civil drainage materials, including clay pipes.
- Compliance with SANS 559 is essential for sewerage and drainage specifications.
- Flexible mechanical joints are required for clay pipes; rubber rings must conform to SANS 974.
- Always reference relevant codes of practice during specification.
Clay Pipes - Joints
- Caulking material has been replaced due to rigidity and issues with ground movement.
- Bacterial action on cement-based mortars can cause expansion and cracking.
- Four types of flexible joints currently used: rolling rubber rings, elastomer spigot and socket, sleeve and spigot, and plain-ended pipes with jointing sleeves and gaskets.
Drainage Requirements
- Drainage systems should follow local authority regulations, with pipe gradients ranging between 1:6 and 1:60.
- Minimum cover for pipes is 800mm; if shallower, encase with 150mm concrete.
- Drains must be accessible for cleaning and inspection.
- Flexible joints are recommended to prevent cracking, and anchor blocks are placed at bends or steep slopes.
- Sewer pipe gradients depend on maintaining a minimum velocity of 0.9m/s for efficiency.
Manholes and Distance Regulations
- Distance between manholes is determined by pipe size and cleaning equipment used.
Different Forms of Drainage
- Types include surface water, sub-surface, natural, and man-made drainage systems.
- Arrangement depends on internal connection layout, external pipe positions, proximity to public pipes, and local topography.
Drainage Materials
- Rigid materials for drainpipes include clay and cast iron; flexible options are pitch fibre and unplasterised PVC.
- Vitrified clay pipes are not commonly used due to their brittleness.
- SANS 559 specifies physical properties, dimensional tolerances, and requirements for VC sewer pipes.
- SANS 974 details specifications for rubber joint rings used in drainage systems.
Concrete Pipes and Pressure Systems
- Pressure pipes transport liquids under high pressure, classified by the test pressure sustained without leakage.
Methods of Jointing
- Proper jointing requires clean surfaces, correct alignment, and adequate lubrication.
- Use lifting devices for heavier pipes; sockets must be laid against the flow.
Surface Water Drainage
- Gutters collect rainwater and direct it to downpipes, which discharge into surface drains or trap gulleys.
- Domestic installations utilize asbestos or unplasticised PVC (uPVC) pipes.
Advantages of uPVC
- uPVC joints are easier to install, corrosion-resistant, self-sealing, and reduce breakage risks.
Pipe and Gutter Sizing
- Gutter and downpipe sizes depend on roof area, rainfall intensity, material, and slope.
Pipe Testing Methods
- Common tests include water tests (pressure test), smoke tests (pressure loss detection), and air tests (less conclusive). Water tests are preferred in South Africa.
Public vs. Private Sewers
- Public sewers are maintained by local authorities, whereas private sewers are maintained by individual property owners.
Good Drainage Principles
- Ensure drains are accessible for inspection; minimize joints and curves for easier cleaning.
- Maintain proper drain gradients for self-cleansing; place manholes 12.5 m from junctions, with a maximum distance of 90 m between them.
- Avoid laying drains under buildings or use protective measures if necessary to prevent damage.
Sub-surface Drainage
- Subsoil drains regulate water levels beneath the surface, primarily used in road construction and agriculture.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the specifications and standards for clay pipes in drainage systems as outlined in the SANS 1200 series. This quiz covers key points to consider, compliance with specific SANS standards, and details on joint specifications. Perfect for civil engineering students and professionals.
