Sampling Techniques and Ethical Principles
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Questions and Answers

What is the main criterion for selecting participants in purposive sampling?

  • Participants are chosen based on their expertise or specialized knowledge (correct)
  • Selection is based solely on availability and convenience
  • Participants must have similar characteristics to each other
  • Random selection of participants from the entire population

    • Which qualitative sampling technique involves selecting cases to minimize variation and focus on a specific inquiry?

  • Maximum Variation Sampling
  • Homogenous Sampling (correct)
  • Extreme (Deviant) Sampling
  • Intensity Sampling

    • What does maximum variation sampling aim to achieve?

  • To gather data from a wide range of variations in cases (correct)
  • To focus only on the most extreme cases available
  • To find the most average cases of a population
  • To select participants based on their willingness to participate

    • Which sampling technique is focused on learning from unusual or extreme informants?

    <p>Extreme (Deviant) Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intensity sampling from extreme case sampling?

    <p>Intensity sampling has less emphasis on the extremes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does respect for communities entail?

    <p>Recognizing the culture, beliefs, and individuals of the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of beneficence in research ethics?

    <p>Maximizing benefits while minimizing risks for participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is justice defined in the context of research ethics?

    <p>Equitably distributing burdens and benefits in research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is NOT considered a part of research ethics?

    <p>Personal gain for researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the risk-to-benefit ratio in research?

    <p>The obligation to minimize risks while maximizing benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is social value important in research?

    <p>It justifies the participation of human subjects if relevant to social or health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does non-maleficence mean in the context of beneficence?

    <p>To not cause harm to research participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups requires special protections in research?

    <p>Vulnerable groups within the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'distributive justice' in research require?

    <p>Equitable distribution of burdens and benefits of participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect contributes to ensuring justice in research towards participants?

    <p>Ensuring fair selection in the choice of study populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must researchers do to uphold transparency during a study?

    <p>Disclose potential conflicts of interest related to the research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate measure for participants who may not receive direct benefits from the research?

    <p>Providing reasonable and appropriate incentives for inconvenience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a requirement of distributive justice in research?

    <p>Research must worsen existing health inequities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of transparency in research primarily aim to promote?

    <p>Confidence in the research enterprise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered undue inducement in the context of research participation?

    <p>Offering substantial payments that pressure participants to consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In data protection plans, what should be a priority for researchers?

    <p>Taking steps to protect respondents' identities and privacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does minimal risk in research refer to?

    <p>Risks associated with routine physical examinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can slight increases in risk be permitted during research?

    <p>With an overriding scientific or medical rationale and REC approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must researchers ensure regarding the confidentiality of sensitive information?

    <p>They must only disclose information with participant consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios requires the researcher to indicate the limits of confidentiality?

    <p>When observing possible illegal or harmful behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle must researchers adhere to when handling personal information?

    <p>Transparency, legitimate purpose, and proportionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers do if they cannot ensure confidentiality during focus group discussions?

    <p>Ensure the study questions would cause minimal harm if confidentiality is breached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action can participants take regarding their data during a study?

    <p>Withdraw from the study or withdraw their data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required of researchers regarding the release of information that could expose individuals to harm?

    <p>They must never identify individuals or groups unless required by law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions should research results be disclosed to participants?

    <p>When findings are scientifically valid, have significant implications for well-being, and a course of action is available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which responsibility is imposed on researchers for ensuring transparency?

    <p>To reveal their affiliations and financial interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the research protocol?

    <p>To protect the safety and welfare of research participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can researchers ensure their proposals meet ethical standards?

    <p>By ensuring the study is scientifically valid and qualified investigators are involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a function of the research protocol?

    <p>Presenting the researcher's personal opinion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is critical for ensuring the quality of research?

    <p>Rigorous ethics review by a PHREB-accredited committee.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included in the dissemination plan of the research results?

    <p>Plans for sharing results with participants and the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a poorly crafted research proposal?

    <p>It lacks detailed information and justification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sampling Techniques

    • Quota sampling involves identifying population strata and determining the number of participants needed for each stratum.
    • Purposive sampling selects individuals based on their expertise, specialized knowledge, or specific characteristics.
    • Maximum Variation Sampling intentionally selects cases with a wide range of variation or dimensions of interest.
    • Homogenous Sampling deliberately reduces variation to focus on a specific group.
    • Extreme (Deviant) Sampling identifies individuals who exhibit unusual or extreme characteristics.
    • Intensity Sampling focuses on individuals who possess a high level of a specific characteristic.

    Ethical Principles in Research

    • Beneficence means prioritizing the well-being of participants and minimizing risks while maximizing potential benefits.
    • Justice in research emphasizes the equitable distribution of both burdens and benefits, ensuring fair selection and treatment.
    • Transparency requires honesty and openness from all parties involved, including disclosure of potential conflicts of interest and research results.

    Elements of Research Ethics

    • Social value implies that research should address an existing social or health problem and contribute to individuals, families, or communities.
    • Informed consent ensures that participants understand the risks and benefits of participating in the research and voluntarily agree to participate.
    • Vulnerability of research participants requires special protection for individuals who may be particularly susceptible to coercion or harm.
    • Risks, benefits, and safety necessitate a thorough risk assessment, minimization of risks, and maximization of benefits for participants.
    • Privacy and confidentiality of information prioritizes protecting participants' personal information and maintaining anonymity.
    • Justice involves ensuring equitable distribution of burdens and benefits, fair selection of participants, and just compensation for any harm.
    • Transparency promotes trust and accountability by requiring open communication, disclosure of conflicts of interest, and reporting of research results.

    Ensuring Research Quality

    • Scientific validity ensures that the research design and methodology are sound and well-suited to answer the research question.
    • Researcher qualifications guarantee that the researchers possess the necessary expertise and training.
    • Ethics review by a Research Ethics Committee (REC) evaluates the ethical soundness of the research proposal.
    • PHREB-accredited REC ensures that the ethics review process adheres to recognized standards and guidelines.
    • Clear specification of stakeholder roles fosters transparency and accountability for all involved in the research.

    The Research Protocol

    • The research protocol serves as a comprehensive document outlining the study design, methodology, ethical considerations, and safeguards for participants.
    • It provides guidance for researchers, reviewers, and stakeholders, ensuring consistency, quality, and scientific integrity.
    • The protocol should be detailed, well-organized, and clearly written to facilitate comprehension and implementation.
    • It should justify the study's necessity, establish the appropriateness of the methods, and provide evidence for feasibility.
    • The recruitment process, data analysis plan, and dissemination plan for research findings should be clearly outlined.

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    Sampling Techniques PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various sampling techniques used in research, including quota, purposive, and homogeneous sampling, among others. Additionally, explore key ethical principles like beneficence and justice that govern research practices. This quiz is essential for understanding foundational concepts in research methodology.

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