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Questions and Answers
What is the main criterion for selecting participants in purposive sampling?
Which qualitative sampling technique involves selecting cases to minimize variation and focus on a specific inquiry?
What does maximum variation sampling aim to achieve?
Which sampling technique is focused on learning from unusual or extreme informants?
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What distinguishes intensity sampling from extreme case sampling?
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What does respect for communities entail?
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What is the meaning of beneficence in research ethics?
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How is justice defined in the context of research ethics?
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Which element is NOT considered a part of research ethics?
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What is meant by the risk-to-benefit ratio in research?
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Why is social value important in research?
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What does non-maleficence mean in the context of beneficence?
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Which of the following groups requires special protections in research?
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What does 'distributive justice' in research require?
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Which aspect contributes to ensuring justice in research towards participants?
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What must researchers do to uphold transparency during a study?
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What is an appropriate measure for participants who may not receive direct benefits from the research?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement of distributive justice in research?
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What does the principle of transparency in research primarily aim to promote?
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What is considered undue inducement in the context of research participation?
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In data protection plans, what should be a priority for researchers?
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What does minimal risk in research refer to?
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When can slight increases in risk be permitted during research?
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What must researchers ensure regarding the confidentiality of sensitive information?
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Which of the following scenarios requires the researcher to indicate the limits of confidentiality?
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Which principle must researchers adhere to when handling personal information?
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What should researchers do if they cannot ensure confidentiality during focus group discussions?
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What action can participants take regarding their data during a study?
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What is required of researchers regarding the release of information that could expose individuals to harm?
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Under what conditions should research results be disclosed to participants?
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Which responsibility is imposed on researchers for ensuring transparency?
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What is the primary purpose of the research protocol?
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How can researchers ensure their proposals meet ethical standards?
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What is NOT a function of the research protocol?
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Which of the following is critical for ensuring the quality of research?
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What should be included in the dissemination plan of the research results?
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Which of the following describes a poorly crafted research proposal?
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Study Notes
Sampling Techniques
- Quota sampling involves identifying population strata and determining the number of participants needed for each stratum.
- Purposive sampling selects individuals based on their expertise, specialized knowledge, or specific characteristics.
- Maximum Variation Sampling intentionally selects cases with a wide range of variation or dimensions of interest.
- Homogenous Sampling deliberately reduces variation to focus on a specific group.
- Extreme (Deviant) Sampling identifies individuals who exhibit unusual or extreme characteristics.
- Intensity Sampling focuses on individuals who possess a high level of a specific characteristic.
Ethical Principles in Research
- Beneficence means prioritizing the well-being of participants and minimizing risks while maximizing potential benefits.
- Justice in research emphasizes the equitable distribution of both burdens and benefits, ensuring fair selection and treatment.
- Transparency requires honesty and openness from all parties involved, including disclosure of potential conflicts of interest and research results.
Elements of Research Ethics
- Social value implies that research should address an existing social or health problem and contribute to individuals, families, or communities.
- Informed consent ensures that participants understand the risks and benefits of participating in the research and voluntarily agree to participate.
- Vulnerability of research participants requires special protection for individuals who may be particularly susceptible to coercion or harm.
- Risks, benefits, and safety necessitate a thorough risk assessment, minimization of risks, and maximization of benefits for participants.
- Privacy and confidentiality of information prioritizes protecting participants' personal information and maintaining anonymity.
- Justice involves ensuring equitable distribution of burdens and benefits, fair selection of participants, and just compensation for any harm.
- Transparency promotes trust and accountability by requiring open communication, disclosure of conflicts of interest, and reporting of research results.
Ensuring Research Quality
- Scientific validity ensures that the research design and methodology are sound and well-suited to answer the research question.
- Researcher qualifications guarantee that the researchers possess the necessary expertise and training.
- Ethics review by a Research Ethics Committee (REC) evaluates the ethical soundness of the research proposal.
- PHREB-accredited REC ensures that the ethics review process adheres to recognized standards and guidelines.
- Clear specification of stakeholder roles fosters transparency and accountability for all involved in the research.
The Research Protocol
- The research protocol serves as a comprehensive document outlining the study design, methodology, ethical considerations, and safeguards for participants.
- It provides guidance for researchers, reviewers, and stakeholders, ensuring consistency, quality, and scientific integrity.
- The protocol should be detailed, well-organized, and clearly written to facilitate comprehension and implementation.
- It should justify the study's necessity, establish the appropriateness of the methods, and provide evidence for feasibility.
- The recruitment process, data analysis plan, and dissemination plan for research findings should be clearly outlined.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various sampling techniques used in research, including quota, purposive, and homogeneous sampling, among others. Additionally, explore key ethical principles like beneficence and justice that govern research practices. This quiz is essential for understanding foundational concepts in research methodology.