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Questions and Answers
What data collection method is employed when a researcher surveys all students in an STI campus about their average traveling time to school?
What data collection method is employed when a researcher surveys all students in an STI campus about their average traveling time to school?
If a hypothesis test involves two variables where the first variable has three outcomes and the second has four, what is the correct calculation for the degrees of freedom?
If a hypothesis test involves two variables where the first variable has three outcomes and the second has four, what is the correct calculation for the degrees of freedom?
What type of probability sampling is used when a researcher selects a starting point and then surveys every nth school in a city?
What type of probability sampling is used when a researcher selects a starting point and then surveys every nth school in a city?
What error might occur if a researcher studying weight gain focuses primarily on teenagers to assess the relationship between weight and activity level?
What error might occur if a researcher studying weight gain focuses primarily on teenagers to assess the relationship between weight and activity level?
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What is the term used for the technique that keeps subjects unaware of which treatment they are receiving in an experiment?
What is the term used for the technique that keeps subjects unaware of which treatment they are receiving in an experiment?
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What is the term for an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates with both the dependent and independent variables?
What is the term for an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates with both the dependent and independent variables?
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Which statistical method determines if there is a significant difference between expected and observed frequencies?
Which statistical method determines if there is a significant difference between expected and observed frequencies?
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What sampling method is characterized by some elements of the population having no chance of selection?
What sampling method is characterized by some elements of the population having no chance of selection?
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Which method of data collection involves controlled variables to study their effects on observed variables?
Which method of data collection involves controlled variables to study their effects on observed variables?
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What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?
What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?
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What is the formula for calculating degrees of freedom in a chi-square test?
What is the formula for calculating degrees of freedom in a chi-square test?
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Which sampling method involves selecting a random sample from areas identified in the first stage?
Which sampling method involves selecting a random sample from areas identified in the first stage?
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Which of the following statements about a well-designed survey is false?
Which of the following statements about a well-designed survey is false?
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What is a key characteristic of simple random sampling?
What is a key characteristic of simple random sampling?
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In probability sampling, if a researcher divides a sample based on gender and age, what sampling method is being utilized?
In probability sampling, if a researcher divides a sample based on gender and age, what sampling method is being utilized?
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When is a goodness of fit test used?
When is a goodness of fit test used?
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What will be the degrees of freedom if a chi-square goodness-of-fit test is performed on 9 categories?
What will be the degrees of freedom if a chi-square goodness-of-fit test is performed on 9 categories?
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What is the primary goal of blocking in experimental design?
What is the primary goal of blocking in experimental design?
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Which sampling method uses judgment to select subjects based on specified proportions?
Which sampling method uses judgment to select subjects based on specified proportions?
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What type of design involves running a collection of completely randomized experiments within blocks?
What type of design involves running a collection of completely randomized experiments within blocks?
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What is the mode of the data set consisting of the values 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6?
What is the mode of the data set consisting of the values 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6?
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Study Notes
Sampling Methods
- Cluster Sampling: Selecting a sample of areas in the first stage, then selecting a random sample of respondents within those areas.
- Simple Random Sampling: All samples of a given size have an equal probability of being selected, and selections are independent.
- Systematic Sampling: Dividing the target population into strata of equal size, then randomly selecting one element from the first stratum and corresponding elements from all others.
- Quota Sampling: Nonprobability sampling where judgment is used to select subjects based on specified proportions.
- Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups (strata), then taking a random sample from each stratum.
- Cluster Sampling: Taking a random sample of areas in one stage and then taking a random sample of respondents within the chosen areas in a second stage.
- Simple Random Sampling: Numbering members of the population, then randomly choosing members as part of a sample.
- Nonprobability Sampling: Sample members have no chance of selection.
- Randomized Blocking: Arranging experimental units in groups that are similar to one another.
- Random Assignment: All data is subject to variation, indicating a non-deterministic process.
Descriptive Statistics
- Mode: The most frequent value in a data set.
- Descriptive Statistics: Summarizing and describing the characteristics of a data set.
Correlation and Surveys
- Sample Surveys: Used to explore the correlation between smoking and lung cancer.
- Correlation: Exploring the relationship between variables.
Hypothesis Testing
- Goodness of Fit Test: Used to determine if an observed frequency distribution matches an expected frequency distribution, using theoretical or previously known data.
- Chi-Square Test: Used to determine if there is a significant difference between expected and observed frequencies in data categories.
- Degrees of Freedom: Formula: (number of rows - 1) * (number of columns - 1)
Experimental Design
- Completely Randomized Design: Each experiment runs within a block.
- Randomized Block Design: A collection of completely randomized experiments, each running within a block.
- Observation Study: No controlled variables and replication are possible.
- Experiments: Data collection where intention is to study the effect of controlled variables.
Data Collection
- Data: Raw information that is organized and useful.
- Sample Survey: A method of data collection for yielding some knowledge about a population.
- Matched Random Sampling: A sampling method which pairs sample members to ensure both groups are similar in characteristics.
- Confounding: The extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates positively or negatively with both the dependent and independent variables.
- Placebos: Simulations of effect where there is no direct impact.
- Blinding: Technique used to make subjects unaware of which treatment is being given.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various sampling methods including cluster, simple random, systematic, quota, and stratified sampling. This quiz will help you understand the principles and applications of each method in statistical research.
