Sampling Methods and Population Parameters
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consideration for defining the target population for the Metro U Dining Club?

  • The likely patrons for the new venture (correct)
  • The food preferences of the faculty
  • The availability of dining options in the neighborhood
  • The total student enrollment at Metro U

    • Which of the following best describes sample statistics?

  • They summarize data collected from the entire target market.
  • They provide insight into population parameters derived from sample data. (correct)
  • They measure characteristics of individuals in the target population.
  • They are estimators of population parameters based on entire population data.

    • What type of data is used to measure the proportion of students/employees expressing interest in the dining club?

  • Ratio data
  • Interval data
  • Nominal data (correct)
  • Ordinal data

    • Which of the following data levels is represented by the frequency of eating on or near campus in the last 30 days?

    <p>Ratio and ordinal data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the choice of population parameters affect data collection in research?

    <p>It dictates the sample type and size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data type is exemplified by the respondent type, such as faculty, staff, or student?

    <p>Nominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the interval data regarding student spending per visit?

    <p>It indicates a range of spending amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of data collection is influenced by how measurement scales are set?

    <p>The characteristics and properties of the collected data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main sources of error related to research, according to Deming?

    <p>Non-sampling error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the size of a probability sample?

    <p>Population's demographic characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about sample size in research is TRUE?

    <p>Higher desired precision requires a larger sample size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of probability sampling?

    <p>Respondents are randomly selected to participate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception exists regarding sample representation?

    <p>A sample must always be large to be representative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes non-probability sampling?

    <p>It often relies on the researchers' judgment and convenience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the number of subgroups of interest affect sample size?

    <p>Each subgroup must meet minimum sample size requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of budgetary constraints in sample selection?

    <p>They can encourage the use of a non-probability sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of probability sampling?

    <p>Each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sampling requires researchers to know the probability of selection for each individual?

    <p>Probability sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In systematic sampling, how are individuals typically selected?

    <p>At random intervals from a numbered list.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of stratified sampling?

    <p>It ensures selection from each subgroup to accurately reflect the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of research is non-probability sampling commonly used?

    <p>Exploratory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of simple random sampling involves which of the following methods?

    <p>Assigning random numbers to employees and selecting them based on generated numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a company's employee distribution is 800 females and 200 males, which sampling method would best represent this gender balance?

    <p>Stratified sampling based on gender characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sampling is characterized by its reliance on a non-random selection process?

    <p>Convenience sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of cluster sampling?

    <p>It involves selecting entire subgroups from the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of convenience sampling?

    <p>It often results in a sample that is not representative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes voluntary response sampling?

    <p>Participants actively choose to respond to an invitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cluster sampling, what occurs if the clusters are large?

    <p>Additional random sub-sampling is performed within selected clusters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sample is generated when a researcher selects people who are the most accessible?

    <p>Convenience sampling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are voluntary response samples often biased?

    <p>Only individuals with strong opinions may decide to participate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines purposive sampling?

    <p>The researcher selects participants using their expertise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When conducting research across multiple locations, what benefit does cluster sampling offer?

    <p>It simplifies data collection by allowing entire groups to be sampled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of purposive sampling in qualitative research?

    <p>To gain detailed knowledge about a specific phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding snowball sampling is accurate?

    <p>It relies on participants to recruit others for the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In quota sampling, what is primarily determined by the researcher?

    <p>The specific characteristics of groups to be included</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of snowball sampling?

    <p>The sample is often biased and may not be representative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does purposive sampling differ from simple random sampling?

    <p>Purposive sampling focuses on specific criteria rather than randomness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of quota sampling?

    <p>To gather a pre-specified number from certain subgroups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is simple random sampling most commonly applied?

    <p>In feasibility studies to identify target respondents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an important aspect of purposive sampling?

    <p>It must include a rationale for participant inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Population Parameters

    • Target population represents the potential customers for the proposed product or service.
    • Population parameters are summary descriptors of variables of interest in the population.
    • Sample statistics are descriptors of those same relevant variables computed from sample data.
    • Different data scales are used for different population parameters.

    Sampling Method

    • Probability Sampling: respondents are randomly selected. Each person has an equal chance of being selected.

      • Simple Random Sampling: every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
      • Systematic Sampling: individuals are chosen at regular intervals from a numbered list.
      • Stratified Sampling: the population is divided into subgroups based on relevant characteristics. A random sample is then selected from each subgroup.
      • Cluster Sampling: the population is divided into clusters. Entire clusters are randomly selected.

    • Non-Probability Sampling: respondents are not randomly selected.

      • Convenience Sampling: includes the individuals who are most accessible to the researcher.
      • Voluntary Response Sampling: participants voluntarily participate in the research.
      • Purposive Sampling: the researcher selects individuals based on their expertise or knowledge on the topic.
      • Snowball Sampling: participants recruit other participants.
      • Quota Sampling: the researcher selects a predetermined number of units from each subgroup.

    • Feasibility studies commonly use simple random sampling.

    Sample Size

    • The size of the sample depends on factors such as the variation in the population parameters, desired precision, error range, confidence level, and number of subgroups.
    • The greater the variation in the population parameters, the larger the sample size needed.
    • The greater the desired precision, the larger the sample size needed.
    • The smaller the error range, the larger the sample size needed.
    • The higher the confidence level, the larger the sample size needed.
    • Budget considerations influence decisions about the size and type of sample.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts related to population parameters and various sampling methods used in research. It explains different types of probability and non-probability sampling techniques, including simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. Test your understanding of these essential research principles!

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