Sampling and Population Methods
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Sampling and Population Methods

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for using sampling in research?

  • To ensure complete accuracy in data collection
  • To save time and resources (correct)
  • To maximize the sample size for better analysis
  • To study the entire population efficiently

    • What does a sample represent in the context of population statistics?

  • An exact duplication of the entire population
  • A smaller group thought to reflect the larger population (correct)
  • A random selection of the largest group
  • A group of outliers from the population

    • Which of the following describes sample bias?

  • Selection of a sample based on convenience
  • Systematic overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a population (correct)
  • Accurate reflection of population characteristics in the sample
  • Random choices leading to diverse samples

    • Under which circumstance is sampling the entire population most appropriate?

    <p>When the population is very small</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sampling?

    <p>It can lead to inflated costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of a population in research sampling?

    <p>An element, usually humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sampling is likely to yield more reliable results when accurately performed?

    <p>Random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential consequence arises from the use of faulty samples?

    <p>Misleading conclusions about the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor requires a larger sample size when aiming for increased reliability in results?

    <p>Variability in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which confidence level necessitates a larger sample size?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the formula for calculating sample size, what does the 'E' represent?

    <p>Margin of error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required sample size calculated if Z = 1.96, E = 0.05, and p = 0.50?

    <p>385</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sampling method is used when patients are divided into age groups before selection?

    <p>Stratified sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the sampling process?

    <p>Identify the target population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method is considered less representative and more prone to bias?

    <p>Convenience Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which sampling technique do participants recruit other participants?

    <p>Snowball Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sampling ensures that all members of the population have an equal chance of selection?

    <p>Random Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of determining the size of the sample needed?

    <p>To maintain generalizability of results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of non-probability sampling?

    <p>Simple Random Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method selects individuals based on specific characteristics relevant to the research?

    <p>Purposive Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor to ensure in sampling to maintain the generalizability of results?

    <p>Representative sample of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling technique is most commonly used despite being less preferred?

    <p>Non-Probability Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the last step in the sampling process?

    <p>Implement the plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Simple Random Sampling?

    <p>Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Stratified Sampling ensure when applied?

    <p>It achieves proportional representation of subgroups in the sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method is characterized by selecting every nth participant from a population?

    <p>Systematic Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes Sampling Error?

    <p>Variability within the population and sample size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sample size crucial in statistical studies?

    <p>Bigger sample sizes improve accuracy and statistical power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by statistical power in the context of sample size?

    <p>The capacity to detect a true effect or difference in the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to larger sampling errors?

    <p>Population heterogeneity and smaller sample sizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a larger sample size typically yield for confidence intervals?

    <p>Narrower intervals, indicating more precision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method divides a population into subgroups to ensure equal representation?

    <p>Stratified Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sampling and Population

    • A sample is a smaller, manageable version of a larger group
    • Sample is a subset of population elements
    • Population refers to an entire group or elements with common characteristics

    Sampling Methods

    • Probability Sampling (random sampling) - All members of the population have an equal chance of selection
      • Simple Random Sampling: Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
      • Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and taking a random sample from each stratum
      • Systematic Sampling: Selecting every nth individual from the population
    • Non-Probability Sampling (incidental sampling) - Selecting sampling units based on subjective considerations
      • Convenience Sampling: Choosing individuals who are easiest to access
      • Purposive Sampling: Selecting individuals based on specific characteristics relevant to the research
      • Quota Sampling: Selecting a sample based on predefined characteristics of the population
      • Snowball Sampling: Participants recruit other participants, particularly useful for hard-to-reach populations

    Sample Size

    • Sample size refers to the number of observations or data points in a sample
    • A larger sample size generally leads to more accurate results
    • Sample size should be big enough to detect small differences between groups, known as study power

    Sample Size Calculation

    • The formula for calculating sample size (for estimating a proportion) is: n = (Z^2 * p * (1-p)) / E^2
    • Where:
      • n = required sample size
      • Z = Z-score (confidence level)
      • p = Estimated proportion of the population
      • E = Margin of error

    Sampling Error

    • Arises due to natural variability in the population and the fact that samples are smaller than the population
    • A sample will not perfectly represent the entire population

    Factors Influencing Sample Size

    • Population Size
    • Margin of Error
    • Confidence Level
    • Variability

    Generalizability

    • The sample needs to be representative of the population of interest
    • Generalizability of results depends on the sample representing the population

    Identifying Sampling Methods

    • Scenario 1: Stratified Sampling, the population was divided into age groups (strata) and then a random sample was selected from each stratum
    • Scenario 2: Convenience Sampling, the survey is being handed out to patients visiting the pharmacy, which are the easiest to access
    • Scenario 3: Purposive Sampling, only patients meeting specific criteria (using similar medications for more than 6 months) are selected
    • Scenario 4: Simple Random Sampling, patients are randomly selected from a list of all patients in the hospital

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    Related Documents

    Sampling Methods: Techniques for Data Collection in Research PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of sampling and population in research. This quiz covers various sampling methods, including probability and non-probability sampling techniques, along with definitions of key concepts. Test your understanding of how samples relate to populations and the different strategies for selection.

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