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Questions and Answers
What is a primary function of salivary gland secretion in the oral cavity?
What is a primary function of salivary gland secretion in the oral cavity?
- Facilitation of sound production
- Digestion of proteins
- Lubrication and moistening of ingested food (correct)
- Decalcification of enamel
Which of the following are components not from salivary gland origin found in whole-mouth saliva?
Which of the following are components not from salivary gland origin found in whole-mouth saliva?
- Digestive enzymes
- Food debris (correct)
- Hormones
- Mucins
Which electrolyte is NOT considered part of saliva's composition?
Which electrolyte is NOT considered part of saliva's composition?
- Iron (Fe2+) (correct)
- Chloride (Cl−)
- Sodium (Na+)
- Calcium (Ca2+)
What role does IgA primarily play in saliva?
What role does IgA primarily play in saliva?
Which salivary gland is primarily responsible for the secretion of α-amylase?
Which salivary gland is primarily responsible for the secretion of α-amylase?
Which of the following statements about the parotid gland is true?
Which of the following statements about the parotid gland is true?
What is the primary role of salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) produced by the submandibular gland?
What is the primary role of salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) produced by the submandibular gland?
Which minor salivary gland is most commonly responsible for secreting mucus for moisture and lubrication?
Which minor salivary gland is most commonly responsible for secreting mucus for moisture and lubrication?
Which of the following components is NOT typically found in the secretion of the parotid gland?
Which of the following components is NOT typically found in the secretion of the parotid gland?
How do striated ducts in the parotid gland primarily contribute to saliva production?
How do striated ducts in the parotid gland primarily contribute to saliva production?
What is the primary type of secretion produced by the sublingual gland?
What is the primary type of secretion produced by the sublingual gland?
Which duct is specifically associated with the sublingual gland?
Which duct is specifically associated with the sublingual gland?
What percentage of total salivary volume does the sublingual gland contribute?
What percentage of total salivary volume does the sublingual gland contribute?
Which type of epithelium lines the intercalated ducts of the salivary glands?
Which type of epithelium lines the intercalated ducts of the salivary glands?
What function do the minor salivary glands primarily serve?
What function do the minor salivary glands primarily serve?
What kind of secretion do serous demilunes in salivary glands primarily produce?
What kind of secretion do serous demilunes in salivary glands primarily produce?
Which factor primarily influences the control of salivation?
Which factor primarily influences the control of salivation?
Which of the following is NOT a major salivary gland?
Which of the following is NOT a major salivary gland?
What percentage of total saliva volume is produced by the parotid gland?
What percentage of total saliva volume is produced by the parotid gland?
Which type of secretion is primarily associated with the submandibular gland?
Which type of secretion is primarily associated with the submandibular gland?
What is the primary function of serous acini in both parotid and submandibular glands?
What is the primary function of serous acini in both parotid and submandibular glands?
Which gland primarily secretes salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF)?
Which gland primarily secretes salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF)?
What structure is most associated with the parotid gland's saliva secretion?
What structure is most associated with the parotid gland's saliva secretion?
What is the primary characteristic of saliva in relation to its ionic composition?
What is the primary characteristic of saliva in relation to its ionic composition?
Which structure is primarily responsible for transporting saliva from the glands to the oral cavity?
Which structure is primarily responsible for transporting saliva from the glands to the oral cavity?
What type of epithelium transition occurs in the salivary glands, particularly associated with duct structures?
What type of epithelium transition occurs in the salivary glands, particularly associated with duct structures?
What component of saliva contributes significantly to its buffering capacity?
What component of saliva contributes significantly to its buffering capacity?
Which of the following glands is primarily associated with the secretion of mucous tubules?
Which of the following glands is primarily associated with the secretion of mucous tubules?
Which type of secretory unit is characterized by its serous secreting capacity?
Which type of secretory unit is characterized by its serous secreting capacity?
What is the main purpose of salivation control mechanisms?
What is the main purpose of salivation control mechanisms?
Which of the following is NOT a component typically assessed when analyzing saliva composition?
Which of the following is NOT a component typically assessed when analyzing saliva composition?
What is the primary secretion type of Von Ebner's glands?
What is the primary secretion type of Von Ebner's glands?
Which of the following is a distinctive characteristic of minor salivary glands?
Which of the following is a distinctive characteristic of minor salivary glands?
How does parasympathetic stimulation primarily affect major salivary glands?
How does parasympathetic stimulation primarily affect major salivary glands?
Which area of the mouth contains Von Ebner's glands?
Which area of the mouth contains Von Ebner's glands?
What role do minor salivary glands play in the oral cavity?
What role do minor salivary glands play in the oral cavity?
Which cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic stimulation of salivation?
Which cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic stimulation of salivation?
What distinguishes the mucous secretions of the minor salivary glands?
What distinguishes the mucous secretions of the minor salivary glands?
Which statement accurately represents the duct system of minor salivary glands?
Which statement accurately represents the duct system of minor salivary glands?
What structural change occurs in aging salivary glands?
What structural change occurs in aging salivary glands?
What is a potential complication of sialolithiasis if left untreated?
What is a potential complication of sialolithiasis if left untreated?
Which of the following is true regarding mucoceles?
Which of the following is true regarding mucoceles?
How does strong sympathetic stimulation affect salivation?
How does strong sympathetic stimulation affect salivation?
What aspect of saliva is altered as a result of aging?
What aspect of saliva is altered as a result of aging?
In which salivary duct is sialolithiasis most commonly found?
In which salivary duct is sialolithiasis most commonly found?
What is a primary function of saliva besides protection from harmful agents?
What is a primary function of saliva besides protection from harmful agents?
What condition is characterized by mucous accumulation in adjacent tissues due to trauma?
What condition is characterized by mucous accumulation in adjacent tissues due to trauma?
What specific enzyme is secreted by serous cells in salivary glands?
What specific enzyme is secreted by serous cells in salivary glands?
Which structure is primarily associated with the sublingual gland?
Which structure is primarily associated with the sublingual gland?
What characteristic defines the submandibular gland compared to the sublingual gland?
What characteristic defines the submandibular gland compared to the sublingual gland?
What is the role of lysozyme produced by serous cells?
What is the role of lysozyme produced by serous cells?
Which part of the submandibular gland is responsible for the production of saliva?
Which part of the submandibular gland is responsible for the production of saliva?
What type of cells are primarily found in the serous acini of the submandibular gland?
What type of cells are primarily found in the serous acini of the submandibular gland?
What type of secretion is produced by the mucous tubules in salivary glands?
What type of secretion is produced by the mucous tubules in salivary glands?
Which feature distinguishes striated ducts from other duct types in salivary glands?
Which feature distinguishes striated ducts from other duct types in salivary glands?
What anatomical feature is Wharton's duct closely associated with?
What anatomical feature is Wharton's duct closely associated with?
Which type of ganglion contains motor neurons for the submandibular gland?
Which type of ganglion contains motor neurons for the submandibular gland?
In the submandibular gland, what is the primary composition of serous demilunes?
In the submandibular gland, what is the primary composition of serous demilunes?
Which structure acts as a passageway for saliva from the submandibular gland to the oral cavity?
Which structure acts as a passageway for saliva from the submandibular gland to the oral cavity?
What type of cells primarily compose the intercalated ducts of the salivary glands?
What type of cells primarily compose the intercalated ducts of the salivary glands?
What is the primary component secretion type of the sublingual gland?
What is the primary component secretion type of the sublingual gland?
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Study Notes
Minor Salivary Glands
- Small volume, but secrete continuously
- Slightly acidic pH
- Components include electrolytes, digestive enzymes, lysozyme, IgA, defensins, mucinogens and metabolic waste
- Also contains components of non-salivary gland origin, such as discarded oral epithelial cells, food debris, bacteria and other microorganisms, gingival crevicular fluid, and mucosal transudate
Functions of Salivary Glands
- Moisten and lubricate food and oral mucosa
- Initial digestion of carbohydrates and lipids
- Cleanses the mouth and dissolves food chemicals for taste
- Formation of the acquired dental pellicle
- Tissue repair and enamel remineralization
- Antimicrobial activity
- IgA secretion
- pH maintenance
Salivary Glands
- Major salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular and sublingual
- Minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the submucosa of the oropharynx and oral cavity
Parotid Gland
- Makes up 25% of saliva volume
- Consists mostly of serous acini
- Contains numerous intercalated and striated ducts
- Secretion is serous, watery, includes α-amylase and proline-rich proteins
Submandibular Gland
- Mixed gland with serous acini and serous demilunes
- Makes up 60% of saliva volume
- Produces salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF)
- Mucous units produce mucus for moisture and lubrication
Salivary Gland Structure
- Major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
- Minor salivary glands: scattered throughout submucosa of oropharynx and oral cavity
- Secretory units: serous acini, mucous tubules
- Duct system: intercalated duct, striated duct, excretory duct
Salivary Gland Composition
- Parotid gland: primarily serous acini, makes 25% of saliva volume
- Submandibular gland: mixed gland (seromucous), mostly serous, makes 60% of saliva volume
- Sublingual gland: primarily mucous, with significant IgA and antibacterial proteins, makes 70% of salivary mucins
Saliva Composition and Roles
- Mostly water (97–99.5%)
- Plays role in oral health
- Contains:
- α-amylase
- Proline-rich proteins
- Lysozyme
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
Major Salivary Gland Features
- Parotid gland:
- Stensen's duct
- Secrete serous and watery saliva
- Contains α-amylase and proline-rich proteins
- Submandibular gland:
- Wharton's duct
- Both serous and mucous secretions
- Secretes salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF)
- Sublingual gland:
- Short ducts
- Primarily mucous secretion
- Contains significant amounts of IgA and antibacterial proteins
Von Ebner’s Glands
- Located at the base of circumvallate papillae
- Secrete serous fluid
- Aid in taste perception and digestion
Control of Salivation
- Parasympathetic stimulation:
- Basal production of saliva in minor glands
- Copious, watery secretion in major glands triggered by:
- Smell and sight of food
- Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the mouth
- Stimulated by Salivatory nuclei in the brainstem along cranial nerves VII and IX
- Sympathetic stimulation:
- Causes myoepithelial cell contraction and exocytosis of serous granules (α-amylase)
- Strong stimulation inhibits salivation, causing dry mouth (xerostomia)
Salivary Gland Aging
- Decrease in acinar tissue in major salivary glands
- Increase in fibrous and fatty tissues
- Decrease in minor salivary gland number
- Saliva changes:
- Decrease in mucin volume
- Decrease in IgA concentration
Saliva and Disease Transmission
- Saliva is a potential source of virus and bacteria spread
Salivary Gland Disorders
- Sialolithiasis: stone formation in ducts, commonly in submandibular and parotid glands
- Mucoceles: blockage or trauma to minor glands, accumulation of mucus in tissues
- Ranula: mucocele from the sublingual gland
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