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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the glossopharyngeal nerve in relation to salivation?
Which of the following glands produces the majority of mixed saliva?
Where does Wharton's duct open in the oral cavity?
What unique feature identifies the tubarial glands recently discovered?
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What type of saliva is predominantly secreted by the sublingual gland?
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Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the salivary glands?
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What percentage of total saliva volume is produced by the sublingual gland?
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Which anatomical feature is located between the body of the mandible and the mylohyoid muscle?
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What characterizes the minor salivary glands?
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What is the length of Wharton's duct?
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What is a common oral symptom associated with Sjögren’s syndrome?
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Which condition is characterized by painful swelling of the parotid glands?
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What effect does head and neck irradiation have on salivary glands?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Sjögren’s syndrome?
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What distinguishes sialosis from other conditions affecting the salivary glands?
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Which condition might lead to angular chelitis?
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Which of the following glands is responsible for producing 100% serous saliva?
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Which major salivary gland is located below the external auditory meatus?
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What is the function of Stensen's duct?
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Which of the following is true regarding the salivary glands?
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What percentage of total salivary volume is produced by the parotid glands?
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What is the positioning of the submandibular gland?
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Which statement is false regarding the histological structure of salivary glands?
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Which of the following describes a common disorder that may affect salivary glands?
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What developmental stage covers the formation of salivary glands?
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What is the primary function of mucous saliva?
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Which type of duct comprises the majority of the saliva duct system?
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What type of secretion is produced by mucous secretory cells?
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Which type of cell contracts to help in the expulsion of saliva from acini?
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What type of secretion primarily protects the oral cavity against frictional abrasion?
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Mucin is primarily associated with which type of secretory cell?
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What is NOT a component of acinar fluid?
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The serous cell in mixed serous-mucous acini forms a structure around what?
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Which type of epithelial cells line the intercalated duct?
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Which type of duct modification is primarily accomplished during the saliva's journey through the ducts?
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What type of epithelial cells line the secretory duct of the salivary glands before it transitions to other forms?
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Which artery group primarily supplies blood to the salivary glands?
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What contributes to the modification of saliva in the salivary glands?
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Which of the following is a common cause of obstruction in the salivary glands?
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What condition results from trauma to the salivary gland or duct?
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Which factor does NOT typically contribute to hyposalivation?
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What triggers the stimulation of salivary nuclei in the brain?
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Which type of epithelium is found at the opening of the secretory duct?
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Which of the following describes sialolithiasis?
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What characterizes a ranula?
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Study Notes
Salivary Gland Formation
- Salivary gland development occurs within the first 4-6 weeks of embryonic development
Types of Salivary Glands
- There are three pairs of major salivary glands: Parotid, Submandibular and Sublingual.
- Major salivary glands produce 90% of total saliva volume.
- There are also numerous minor salivary glands throughout the oral cavity.
Parotid Gland
- The largest of the major salivary glands, producing 100% serous saliva (watery).
- Produces 25% of total saliva volume.
- Located below the ear, specifically:
- Below the external auditory meatus.
- Between the mastoid process and the posterior border of the ramus.
- Stensen’s Duct carries saliva into the oral cavity, opening opposite the upper second or third molar.
- Glossopharyngeal nerve (autonomic) controls saliva production rate.
- Auriculotemporal nerve (sensory) provides sensory innervation.
- Facial Nerve is intimately associated with the Parotid Gland.
Submandibular Gland
- Second largest major salivary gland.
- Produces mixed saliva (serous and mucous).
- Half the size of the Parotid Gland - about the size of a walnut.
- Produces 60-65% of total saliva volume.
- Located between the body of the mandible and the mylohyoid muscle, in the submandibular fossa.
- Wharton’s Duct carries saliva into the oral cavity, opening under the anterior part of the tongue, lateral to the lingual fraenum at the sublingual caruncle.
- Chorda tympani nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular gland, controlling saliva production rate.
- Lingual branch of the inferior dental nerve provides sensory innervation to the tongue and salivary glands.
Sublingual Gland
- Smallest major salivary gland, about the size of an almond.
- Produces mostly mucous saliva (about 60%).
- Produces 5-10% of total saliva volume.
- Located on the floor of the mouth in the sublingual fossa.
- Bartholin’s Duct and 10-20 smaller ducts (Rivinus ducts) open along the sublingual fold.
- Innervation is the same as the submandibular gland.
Tubarial Glands
- Newly discovered salivary glands.
- Located in the nasopharynx.
- May be involved in Sjogren’s Syndrome.
- May contribute to nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal lubrication and swallowing.
Minor Salivary Glands
- Located below the epithelium in most areas of the oral cavity.
- Produce mucous saliva.
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Functions of mucous saliva:
- Binding food into a bolus.
- Protecting the oral cavity against frictional abrasion.
- Lubrication.
Serous-Mucous Acini
- Serous secretory cells form a serous demilune around mucous secretory cells in mixed serous-mucous acini.
Myoepithelial Cells
- Surrounding acini secretory cells.
- Contraction forces saliva out of the lumen and into the ducts.
Acinar Fluid
- Composed of:
- Water.
- Inorganic Ions.
- Small molecules.
- Products synthesized by cells (mucoproteins and amylase).
Ducts
- Intercalated Ducts: Lined by a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells.
- Striated Ducts: Lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells with basal striations. Aid in saliva modification.
- Excretory Ducts: Carry saliva to the oral cavity. Lined by pseudostratified columnar, then stratified cuboidal, and finally stratified squamous epithelium at its opening.
Blood Supply
- Supplied by the external carotid artery, particularly the facial and lingual arteries.
- Vessels and nerves enter the gland at the hilum.
- Two capillary networks: one for the secretory end piece and one for the ducts.
Control of Salivation
- Salivary nuclei in the brain are stimulated by taste, smells, thoughts, etc.
- This triggers neurotransmitter release from nerve endings in the salivary glands.
Disorders of the Salivary Glands
Hyposalivation (xerostomia)
- Reduced saliva production.
- Causes:
- Medications or tablets.
- Radiotherapy.
- Autoimmune diseases.
- Diabetes.
- Salivary stones.
- Some causes result in reversible effects, while others cause irreversible effects.
Obstruction
- Caniculi: Calcium deposits in the ducts, common in submandibular glands. Can lead to infection or inflammation of the gland.
- Cysts: Trauma to the salivary gland or duct, causing saliva accumulation.
- Mucocele: Minor gland cysts, soft, round, semi-clear or bluish dome, 2-10 mm in diameter.
- Ranula: Major gland cysts in the floor of the mouth, similar to submandibular or sublingual mucocele.
Salivary Stimulants
- Used to increase saliva production.
- Can alleviate dry mouth symptoms.
Irradiation
- Head and neck irradiation destroys secretory cells, leading to xerostomia.
Degenerative
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Sjogren’s Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder causing:
- Dry eyes.
- Dry Mouth: Acini destruction, changes in the lachrymal apparatus, erythema, fissuring, coating and depapillation of the tongue, traumatic erosions and ulcers, angular chelitis, chapped lips, frothy, ropey and thickened saliva.
- Rheumatoid arthritis, Raynaud phenomenon are often associated.
Inflammation/Infection
- Mumps: Acute viral infection causing inflammation and swelling of the parotid glands.
- Nicotine Stomatitis: Inflammation of minor salivary glands on the palate caused by tobacco use.
Sialosis
- Painless swelling of the parotid glands, not caused by inflammation or infection.
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Description
This quiz covers the formation and types of salivary glands during embryonic development. You will learn about the major salivary glands, their functions, and specific details regarding the parotid gland. Test your knowledge about their anatomy and control mechanisms.
