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What transformation does the Indian Constitution undergo during emergencies?
Which Amendment Act in 1992 recognized rural local governments in the Indian Constitution?
Which of the following Articles was added by the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act regarding co-operative societies?
What type of emergency is declared under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution?
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Which aspect of the Indian Constitution is unique compared to other countries' federal structures?
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What power does the governor have during the recess of the state legislature?
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What is the role of the Finance Commission as outlined in the Constitution?
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Which article empowers Parliament to legislate on matters in the State List?
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What does Article 300A state regarding property rights?
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Which article pertains to the administrative tribunals?
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What provisions does Article 352 outline?
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Which article contains the provisions for the superintendence of elections?
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What does Article 265 prohibit regarding taxation?
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What is the primary reason that the Indian Constitution is considered the lengthiest written Constitution in the world?
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Which amendment is notably referred to as the 'Mini-Constitution' due to its extensive changes?
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What aspect of the Indian Constitution did the Supreme Court rule cannot be altered through amendments?
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Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the extensive size of the Indian Constitution?
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Originally, how many articles did the Indian Constitution contain when it was adopted in 1949?
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As of 2019, approximately how many articles are present in the Indian Constitution?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of the Indian Constitution?
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Which Part was deleted from the Constitution during amendments since 1951?
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What distinguishes the Indian Constitution from other written constitutions globally?
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Which of the following amendments is associated with significant changes in the fundamental rights of the Constitution?
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Which provision ensures judges cannot practice law after retirement?
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What is the nature of the Fundamental Rights as outlined in the Indian Constitution?
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Which of the following rights is NOT guaranteed by the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution?
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How can Fundamental Rights be curtailed or repealed?
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What do the Directive Principles of State Policy primarily promote?
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Which of the following is true regarding the enforceability of Directive Principles?
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Which Articles pertain to the Right to Freedom under Fundamental Rights?
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What is a key feature of the independence of the judiciary in India?
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Which of the following rights cannot be suspended during a National Emergency?
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Which of the following is classified as a socialistic Directive Principle?
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What is the significance of the Minerva Mills case in relation to the Indian Constitution?
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Which amendment introduced Fundamental Duties to the Indian Constitution?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the eleven Fundamental Duties under Article 51-A?
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Which statement is true regarding the non-justiciable nature of Fundamental Duties?
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What does the term 'secular' in the Indian Constitution signify?
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Which article guarantees equality before the law in India?
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What restriction does Article 15 of the Indian Constitution impose?
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How does the Indian Constitution's Preamble reflect its secular character?
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Which article allows for the free profession, practice, and propagation of religion?
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What does Article 26 ensure for religious denominations in India?
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Study Notes
### Salient Features of the Indian Constitution
- The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest written constitution in the world.
- It was originally adopted in 1949 with a preamble, 395 articles (divided into 22 parts) and 8 schedules.
- Currently, it has a preamble, about 470 articles (divided into 25 parts) and 12 schedules.
- The expansive size is attributed to factors like the vastness of India, historical influences, a single constitution for both the central and state governments, and the influence of legal experts in the Constituent Assembly.
Fundamental Rights
- The Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to citizens:
- Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
- Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
- Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
- Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
- Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)
- Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
- Fundamental Rights are meant to promote political democracy and function as limitations on executive tyranny and arbitrary laws.
- They are justiciable, meaning enforceable by courts for violation.
- These rights are not absolute and can be subject to reasonable restrictions.
- They can be curtailed or repealed through a Constitutional Amendment Act.
- Fundamental Rights can be suspended during a National Emergency, except for the rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21.
Directive Principles of State Policy
- The Directive Principles of State Policy are considered a novel feature of the Indian Constitution.
- Found in Part IV, they are classified into socialistic, Gandhian, and liberal-intellectual categories.
- They aim to establish a ‘welfare state’ in India by promoting social and economic democracy.
- Unlike Fundamental Rights, they are non-justiciable and not directly enforceable by courts.
- The Constitution emphasizes their importance in the governance of the country.
- They impose a moral obligation on state authorities, with political support (public opinion) being the primary driving force.
Fundamental Duties
- Fundamental Duties were added in 1976 by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, during the internal emergency.
- The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 added another duty.
- They are outlined in Part IV-A, Article 51-A, and include:
- Respecting the Constitution, national flag, and national anthem
- Protecting the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of the country
- Promoting common brotherhood among all people
- Preserving the rich heritage of our composite culture
- They remind citizens of responsibilities while enjoying their rights.
- Like the Directive Principles, they are non-justiciable.
A Secular State
- The Indian Constitution upholds a Secular State.
- This means it doesn't endorse any specific religion as the official religion of the Indian State.
- Secularism is evident in provisions like:
- The inclusion of the term ‘secular’ in the Preamble by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976.
- Securing liberty of belief, faith, and worship for all citizens.
- Guaranteeing equality before the law and equal protection of the laws (Article 14).
- Prohibiting discrimination based on religion (Article 15).
- Ensuring equal opportunity for all in matters of public employment (Article 16).
- Recognizing the freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate any religion (Article 25).
- Providing the right to manage religious affairs for every religious denomination (Article 26).
Emergencies
- The Constitution provides for three types of emergencies:
- National Emergency due to war, external aggression, or armed rebellion (Article 352)
- State Emergency (President's Rule) due to the failure of constitutional machinery in a state (Article 356) or non-compliance with central directives (Article 365)
- Financial Emergency due to threats to the financial stability or credit of India (Article 360)
- During an emergency, the central government gains significant power and the states come under central control.
- This effectively transforms the federal structure into a unitary one without formal constitutional amendment.
- This shift from federal to unitary during emergency situations is a unique characteristic of the Indian Constitution.
Three-Tier Government
- Initially, the Indian Constitution, like other federal systems, established a dual polity with provisions for the center and states.
- The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (1992) introduced a third tier of government, local government, which is unique to the world.
- The 73rd Amendment gave constitutional recognition to Panchayats (rural local governments) by adding Part IX and Schedule 11.
- The 74th Amendment recognized Municipalities (urban local governments) by adding Part IX-A and Schedule 12.
Co-operative Societies
- The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 granted constitutional status and protection to co-operative societies.
- It made the following changes:
- Made the right to form co-operative societies a fundamental right (Article 19).
- Added a new Directive Principle of State Policy on promoting co-operative societies (Article 43-B).
- Introduced Part IX-B, titled "The Co-operative Societies" (Articles 243-ZH to 243-ZT).
- The new Part IX-B aims to ensure that co-operative societies function democratically, professionally, autonomously, and economically sound.
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of the Indian Constitution, including its length, structure, and the fundamental rights it guarantees to citizens. Learn about the historical context and significance of each fundamental right as per various articles. Test your knowledge on the vital features that uphold democracy in India.