Safety of Flight Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of making shallow S-turns during climbs or descents?

  • To expedite the altitude change
  • To enhance fuel efficiency
  • To improve visibility and reduce collision risk (correct)
  • To increase speed

In a low-wing airplane, it is easier to see above the aircraft than below.

False (B)

What systems help pilots monitor other aircraft in the cockpit?

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)

At nontowered airports, sequencing to the airport is determined by individual _____ .

<p>pilots</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>ADS-B = Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast CDTI = Cockpit Display of Traffic Information MFD = Multi-Function Display Operation Lights On = FAA voluntary safety program</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a pilot do before executing avoidance maneuvers?

<p>Visually identify the traffic outside the window (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using cockpit traffic displays eliminates the need for visual scanning for traffic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major risk associated with uncontrolled airports?

<p>Increased risk of collision</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum altitude required over a congested area?

<p>1,000 feet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ASRS information may be used against those who submit reports in enforcement actions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lowest altitude you may fly to ensure safe emergency landings?

<p>An altitude that allows for an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When flying over sparsely populated areas, you may not fly within __________ feet of any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.

<p>500</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following safety practices with their descriptions:

<p>Flying at least 1,000 feet AGL = Reduces risk of wire strikes. Conducting thorough chart studies = Essential for military low-flying missions. Obtaining special training = Necessary for low-flying agricultural operations. Flying at minimum safe altitudes = Ensures compliance with FARs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with low flying for aircraft?

<p>Wire strikes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ASRS collects approximately 50,000 reports per year.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common altitude at which typical wire strikes occur?

<p>Below 100 feet AGL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which conditions should landing lights be used during departures and approaches?

<p>During both day and night, especially within 10 miles of an airport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anticollision lights must be on at all times while the engine is running, regardless of conditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maneuver should pilots practice before performing maneuvers in the training area?

<p>Clearing turns</p> Signup and view all the answers

An aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over all other air traffic, except for __________ aircraft.

<p>those requiring immediate assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

When two aircraft are converging, which aircraft has the right-of-way?

<p>The aircraft to the right (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aviation terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Landing lights = Used during departures and approaches, especially in certain visibility conditions Anticollision lights = Required to be on whenever the engine is running Right-of-way = Rules to determine which aircraft should yield Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) = Allows reports of incidents compromising aviation safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

An aircraft towing another aircraft has lower priority than other engine-driven aircraft.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a pilot do if they observe an incident compromising aviation safety?

<p>Submit a report to the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended horizontal distance to maintain from any tower to reduce the risk of wire strikes?

<p>2,000 feet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mountain flying is commonly included in private pilot training.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should pilots have onboard for survival in case of an emergency landing in a remote area?

<p>Warm clothing, water, a first aid kit, and other survival gear</p> Signup and view all the answers

To counteract the lifting tendency of the wind while taxiing, you should turn the yoke to the ______ if the wind is coming from the left front quarter.

<p>left</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hazards with their effects when flying over mountainous terrain:

<p>Decreased aircraft performance = High altitudes Rapidly changing weather = Increased risk of unexpected changes Difficulty in locating landing sites = Challenges in emergencies Survival gear essential = In case of remote emergency landing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a pilot do with the elevator when taxiing in strong winds from the front?

<p>Hold it in a neutral position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is important to maintain adequate visual guidance to the runway to avoid final approach wire-strike accidents.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique should be used to maintain control of an airplane on the ground in windy conditions?

<p>Proper use of aileron and elevator controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contribute to empty field myopia?

<p>Looking at a featureless sky (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An aircraft in distress does not have the right-of-way over other aircraft.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should pilots do continuously to locate traffic effectively?

<p>Scan outside and cross check the CDTI</p> Signup and view all the answers

The operation that encourages the use of landing lights during departures and approaches is called _____ .

<p>Operation Lights On</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following situations with their corresponding right-of-way rules:

<p>Converging aircraft = Aircraft on the left has the right-of-way Approaching head-on = Both aircraft should alter course to the right Overtaking another aircraft = The overtaking aircraft must give way</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does a tailwheel airplane tend to weathervane into the wind more than a tricycle-gear airplane?

<p>It has a greater surface area behind the main gear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When taxiing a high-wing tricycle-gear airplane in a strong quartering tailwind, the airplane is less susceptible to being lifted by the wind.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the elevator control position be in a tailwind while taxiing a tailwheel airplane?

<p>elevator down</p> Signup and view all the answers

The FAA recommends using a three-step process during the exchange of flight controls: 'You have the flight controls,' 'I have the flight controls,' and __________.

<p>You have the flight controls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their correct descriptions regarding midair collisions:

<p>Daylight hours = Most occurrences of midair collisions Scanning technique = Short, regularly-spaced eye movements Peripheral vision = Might not notice objects unless there is motion VFR conditions = Conditions under which most collisions happen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about taxiing a tailwheel airplane?

<p>Hold the elevator control aft in a headwind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A visual check is recommended during the flight control exchange to confirm control acknowledgment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for scanning effectively during daylight conditions?

<p>Series of short, regularly-spaced eye movements in 10° sectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blind Spots in Turns

During turns, aircraft have areas where it's harder to see other aircraft. These areas depend on the airplane's wing position (high or low wing).

Shallow S-Turns

A method to reduce collision risk during climbs/descents, minimizing steep angles and instead making gradual turns.

Cockpit Traffic Displays (CDTI)

Technology offering situational awareness of other aircraft, using data like ADS-B, displayed on screens (dedicated or multi-function).

ADS-B (In/Out)

A technology that allows aircraft equipped with this to be monitored on the CDTI via their transponders.

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Airport Operations - Caution

Increased caution is needed near airports due to high traffic density, even with control towers.

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Towered Airports

Airports with air traffic control towers.

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Non-Towered Airports

Airports without air traffic control, where pilots coordinate themselves.

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Operation Lights On

A voluntary FAA program to improve safety by illuminating aircraft during daytime flight near airports.

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Traffic Alerts

Warnings issued by the CDTI when another aircraft is detected.

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Situational Awareness

Understanding of the surrounding environment and other aircraft locations.

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Operation Lights On

Always use landing lights during departures & approaches, day or night, especially within 10 miles of an airport or in reduced visibility.

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Anti-collision lights

Required on whenever the engine is running, day or night, but turn off if they obstruct others' vision.

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Clearing turns

180-degree or more turns to check blind spots & keep visual contact with other aircraft during training.

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Pilot's Responsibility (Visual Flight)

Pilot in command is responsible for avoiding all traffic.

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Right-of-way (Distress)

Aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over all other aircraft.

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Overtaking Right-of-Way

Overtaking aircraft must pass on the right.

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Head-on Right-of-Way

Both aircraft must yield to the right in head-on or near head-on encounters.

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Converging Aircraft Right-of-Way (Same Category)

Rightmost aircraft has the right-of-way.

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Converging Aircraft Right-of-Way (Different Categories)

Least maneuverable aircraft generally has right-of-way.

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Towing/Refueling Right-of-Way

Aircraft towing or refueling another aircraft has right-of-way over other engine-driven aircraft

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Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS)

System for reporting aviation safety incidents.

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ASRS

A system that investigates the causes of aviation events, collecting reports for safety research.

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Minimum Safe Altitudes

The required altitudes determined by regulations to avoid hazards on the ground, keeping a safe distance from obstacles.

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Congested Area

An area like a city or metropolitan area of high density, requiring higher minimum altitudes for flight.

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Uncongested Area

A sparsely populated or open area requiring an altitude of 500ft AGL for safe flight.

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Wire Strike

An aircraft collision with powerlines or antenna wires, often rendering the aircraft unflyable.

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FARs

Federal Aviation Regulations that specify minimum safe altitudes, mostly excluding take-off and landing.

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Consistently Follow Safety Procedures

A crucial aspect of avoiding wire strikes in specific low-flying operations, such as agricultural or pipeline patrol.

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Special Training

Specialized training for particular low-flying operations and procedures, such as conducting agricultural operations or pipeline patrols.

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1000ft AGL

An altitude recommendation to significantly reduce the risk of wire strikes, avoiding low-flying activities generally.

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Tailwheel Airplane Taxiing

Tailwheel airplanes tend to weathervane more in crosswinds and gusts and can swerve more easily than tricycle-gear airplanes. Elevator control is crucial for stabilizing during tailwinds/headwinds

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Tricycle-Gear Airplane Taxiing in Crosswind

High-wing designs are most susceptible to being lifted by quartering tailwinds, potentially leading to nose-overs.

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Flight Control Exchange

A three-step process for handing control of the aircraft during flight training: Pilot Passing Control, Pilot Taking Control, Pilot Passing Control. Visual confirmation is recommended.

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Midair Collisions

Most collisions occur during daylight hours, in VFR conditions, and within 5 miles of an airport; scanning is crucial in daylight conditions.

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Daytime Scanning

Use short, regular eye movements in 10° sectors to effectively scan for other aircraft.

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Peripheral Vision

Peripheral vision might not detect objects without relative motion.

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Tower Hazard Distance

Maintain a 2000-foot horizontal distance from any tower to reduce antenna wire strike risk, except when safely above the tower.

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Approach Wire Strikes

Wire-strike accidents can occur during final approach due to insufficient visual runway guidance, especially at lower altitudes.

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Night/Low Visibility Glidepaths

Maintaining the correct glidepath is crucial for safe landings in low-visibility and night conditions.

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Mountain Flying Training

Specialized training is required for safe mountain and open-water flight operations, as these environments pose various risks, including reduced aircraft performance, severe weather, and finding suitable emergency landing sites.

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Mountain Flying Hazards

Mountain flying introduces challenges like reduced aircraft performance at high altitudes, rapidly changing weather, turbulence, and difficulties finding appropriate emergency landing zones.

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Emergency Survival Gear

Having necessary survival gear, such as warm clothing, water, first aid, and other provisions, is critical for emergency landings in remote areas.

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Wind Effect on Taxi

Strong winds can lift an airplane during taxi, requiring careful control adjustments to maintain stability.

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Aileron and Elevator Control (Taxi)

Using ailerons and elevators helps counteract wind forces during taxi, maintaining control of the airplane on the ground. Control adjustments respond to directional winds.

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Tricycle-Gear Taxiing

In tricycle-gear airplanes, maintaining a neutral elevator position during a headwind prevents uplift forces on the tail. This prevents unwanted forces from affecting the plane.

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Conventional/Tailwheel Taxiing

Different control responses are necessary during taxiing with conventional-gear (tailwheel) airplanes relative to tricycle-gear airplanes.

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Collision Course

A situation where two aircraft are moving towards each other and could potentially crash if no action is taken.

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Empty Field Myopia

The tendency for your eyes to focus poorly when looking at a featureless sky due to lack of visual cues.

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Blind Spots

Areas of reduced visibility around an aircraft due to the fuselage and wings, especially in high/low wing designs

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CDTI (Cockpit Display of Traffic Information)

A cockpit display showing traffic, helping pilots maintain situational awareness.

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General Aviation Traffic

Traffic advisory systems that help pilots locate other aircraft.

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Traffic Scanning

Regularly checking for other aircraft visually and using the CDTI to prioritize.

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Operation Lights On

A program encouraging landing lights use during departures/approaches, day or night, near airports.

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Clearing Turns

Turns that allow pilots to see areas blocked by blind spots, crucial for maintaining situational awareness.

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Aircraft in Distress

Aircraft in distress, in danger, or requiring immediate assistance has the right of way.

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Right-of-Way Rules

Rules dictating which aircraft has the right of way in various scenarios, like converging, head-on, or overtaking.

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Safe Altitudes

Maintaining altitudes required by the FAA regulation, except during take-off or landing situations to avoid conflicts.

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Mountain/Water Flying

Specific training is necessary for operating in mountainous and overwater environments.

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Study Notes

Safety of Flight

  • Maintaining flight safety is a pilot's top priority
  • Collision avoidance is crucial, especially within 5 miles of airports during daylight hours in visual flight rules (VFR) conditions
  • Visual flight rules (VFR) are governed by specific Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), including minimum cloud clearance and visibility requirements (weather minimums)
  • Instrument flight rules (IFR) govern flight operations in weather conditions below VFR minimums
  • Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) are equivalent to VFR conditions
  • Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are equivalent to IFR conditions
  • Pilots need to effectively use visual scanning to maintain situational awareness and avoid collisions
  • Visual scanning involves moving the eyes in a methodical pattern to quickly identify and track potential hazards
  • Eyes can only acutely focus on a narrow cone region directly in front, peripheral vision is not as acute, and is more effective with motion
  • Early detection of other aircraft is vital, as reaction time is critical in close calls
  • Visual scanning patterns should include both horizontal and vertical coverage of the sky from the cockpit
  • Nighttime scanning techniques differ due to reduced visual clarity and contrast
  • Visibility varies greatly with weather conditions and environment, visibility is reduced in haze and reduced lighting conditions, affecting object identification

Collision Avoidance

  • Midair collisions are mitigated by using various tools, including exterior lights, radio transmissions, air traffic control services, and traffic information systems in the cockpit.
  • The ability to effectively see and avoid other aircraft is the most crucial collision avoidance tool
  • For example, if two aircraft are on a head-on collision course at 150 knots, a 0.25-mile/3-second closure rate will result
  • Visual scanning is essential to situational awareness to effectively avoid or address potential conflicts

Airport Operations

  • Airport operations require extra caution due to high traffic density
  • Control towers do not relieve pilots from the responsibility to monitor and avoid other aircraft
  • Uncontrolled airports have different traffic management systems
  • Pilots should adhere to a voluntary program, Operation Lights On
  • Using landing lights during approaches and departures will enhance visibility for both the pilot and other aircraft

Right-of-Way Rules

  • Aircraft in distress have the right-of-way over all other aircraft
  • Rules apply in overtaking, head-on, and converging situations
  • Overtaking aircraft must pass on the right
  • Head-on aircraft must both yield to the right
  • In converging situations the aircraft on the right has the right of way
  • The least maneuverable aircraft generally has the right-of-way over other aircraft
  • Different aircraft types have different right-of-way priorities

Minimum Safe Altitudes

  • Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) set minimum altitudes for all flight times.
  • Obstacles within 2,000 feet horizontally and 1,000 feet vertically must be maintained at a minimum altitude
  • Obstacles in densely populated areas need a 1,000 ft distance/altitude
  • Uncongested areas require 500 ft altitude for clearance
  • The lowest safe altitude is one that enables an emergency landing without a crash
  • A higher altitude provides more time for adjustments in case of emergency

Wire Strike Avoidance

  • Wire strikes typically affect the ground and are most likely to harm aircraft flying low to avoid such collisions
  • Maintaining proper altitudes according to FARs is critical in avoiding such accidents
  • Pilots need awareness of operations, such as agricultural flight, which often require low flyiing
  • Careful preparation is critical for low flying conditions involving tall structures such as buildings or towers

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Description

Explore the critical aspects of flight safety, focusing on the importance of collision avoidance and adherence to Visual and Instrument Flight Rules. This quiz covers key regulations and the principles of visual scanning that help pilots maintain situational awareness during flight. Test your knowledge on how weather conditions affect flight safety and operations.

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