Safety Management Systems: An Overview

• The study notes are structured under main points, and follow the natural document order

Introduction to Safety Management Systems

• Industrial accidents are multiple, interrelated, and not solely due to human error
• Addressing organizational accident factors improves organizational safety
• The "organizational accident" term emerged in the 1990s due to accidents originating from organizational issues
• A systems approach to safety management is the most efficient workplace safety method, using a safety management system (SMS)
• Safety management prevents accidents/injuries and minimizes risks using principles, frameworks, and processes
• SMS is a structured approach to managing safety risks with goal setting, planning, and performance measurement
• SMS integrates into an organization's culture, anticipating/addressing safety concerns and improving safety/efficiency in accidents
• Safety management systems incorporate basic safety processes into an organization's management, not regulatory oversight

Historical Perspective to The Development of SMS

Traditional Safety Approach

• Relied on a safety officer or department separate from operations, reporting to the CEO or COO
• Safety officer/department lacked authority to make safety changes; effectiveness depended on persuasion

Safety Management System Philosophy

• Requires retaining safety responsibility/accountability within the management structure
• Senior management is responsible for safety, necessitating an 'accountable executive' with financial control
• Aims to ensure authority and accountability coexist

System Safety

• In 1961, President Kennedy proposed landing a man on the Moon safely by the end of the decade, demonstrating ambitious goals
• Early space exploration in the 1950s used a "fly-fix-fly" approach, fixing aircraft design after mishaps
• President Kennedy's call led to "system safety," a shift toward safer technology design/manufacturing in the aerospace industry
• A formal/proactive approach to design/manufacturing led to major aerospace milestones
• System safety, an engineering discipline, "designs" safety into technical systems throughout their lifecycle
• System safety contributed to aerospace advancement and became aviation's safety textbook
• System safety expanded across industries, with hazard/risk/mishap notions becoming legacies

System Safety Intervention

• Involves a four-step architecture based that is based on hierarchical order:
  • Design of minimum risk - removing the safety concern via design
  • If unable, incorporate safety devices to automatically prevents them from mishaps
  • Provide warning devices to allow personnel to address concerns
  • If unable, develop procedures and training for better control

Human Factors

• By the late 1970s, diminishing returns in safety through design occurred, leading to concern about human error in aviation was gaining traction
• Human Factors, originating from ergonomics after WWII, became central to aviation safety in the 1980s-2000s
• It then expanded across transportation industries
• Human Factors aims to optimize the relationship between people and the operational environment through integrating science and systems engineering
• It was a scientific approach that aimed at optimizing operational human performance

Human Factors Convergence

• Includes converging disciplines:
  • Ergonomics for human-centered design
  • Systems engineering for system component integration
  • Physiology for managing human performance factors like fatigue
  • Psychology, focusing on organizational/cognitive aspects

Business Management

• Integration of business management forced the safety community into soul-searching and re-evaluation of long-established safety dogma.
• The Aviation Deregulation. Act of 1978, signed by President Jimmy Carter, introduced the notion of a free market into commercial aviation
• The Integration of business management revolved around the need to manage data acquisitions
• Notions such as you cannot measure what you do not manage was introduced
• Which led organizations specific data acquisitions during data operations

Truths and Misconceptions of SMS

• Managing safety involves managing safety risks to prevent bad occurrences, minimizing consequences, and controlling risk to an acceptable level
• It can help identify potential risks, implement actions, and assess control effectiveness
• SMS changes how an org operates by managing risks during operations and improving operations effectiveness by underpinning and providing a structure
• SMS isn't a quality management systems, but has similar tasks by managing risks and setting targets
• Staff familiar with QMS are familiar with feedback and reporting.
• It is vital for implementing and sustaining SMS.
• SMS isn't a manual, database, or reporting, but a management tool integrated into business processes that shape critical thinking

Why Use a Safety Management System

• Recent research has revealed that organisations committed to safety achieve success through a strong SMS
• Organizations are adopting SMS due to three main imperatives: ethical, legal and financial.
• Morally, the legislation places employers to ensure safe work
• Legally, regulatory laws demand safe work standards,
• Financially, they reduce costs.
• Organization benefit with, control over safety risks.

Potential Benefits

• Improves aviation, oil and gas, and mining management
• Provides and maintains a clear approach for safe operations that can be communicated to others and staff
• Creates a positive safety culture
• Reduces operational inefficiencies
• Improves reputation

Building Safety Management System

• Three elements to consider for management initiatives: commitment. cognisance and competence

SMS Leadership roles

• Leaders need the will to make safety management tools during commercial pressures
• Leaders must understand the nature of managing for safety
• Understanding are properly applying management policy

Components of Safety Management System

• Frameworks for SMS include four main components and twelve elements, as the minimum requirements for an SMS:
  • Safety policy and objectives
  • Safety accountability
  • Appointment of key safety personnel
  • Coordination of emergency response planning
  • SMS documentation
  • Safety risk management
  • Active hazard identification
  • Risk assessment and mitigation
  • Safety assurance
  • Safety performance monitoring and measurement
  • The management of change
  • Continuous improvement of the SMS Safety promotion
• Training and education
• Safety communication
• These all provide interrelationships for effective control

4.6.1 Safety Policy and Objectives

• The Safety Management Policy is the written foundation of an organisation's safety management system.
• it's implemented in practice through the Safety Management Policy Statement, formally endorsed by the Accountable Executive, encompassing five elements:
  • Management commitment and responsibility
  • Safety accountability
  • Appointment of key safety personnel
  • Coordination of emergency response planning
  • SMS documentation

Safety Risk Management

• It is compromised of the tools, activities, and processes an org uses to analize and identify risk
• Enables examining causes and mitigation
• includes the use of employee safety reporting and investigations of as comprehensive as necessary for the size and complexity of the organization.
• Has two elements:
  • Hazard Identification
  • Safety risk assessment and mitigation

4.6.3 Safety Assurance

• Ensures mitigations are implemented, adhered to, sufficient and effective, and addressing potential threats and hazards
• Reviews data are determined by risk assessments
• Ensures effective SMS meetings to meets performance targets

4.6.4 Safety Promotion

• Demonstrates Safety Promotion Provides executive management's visibility and commitment to safety leadership
• Creates communication through trainings
• categorized into:
  • training
  • safety

Implementing SMS in Steps

• Divide implementation into:
  • Step 1 - Establish a safety management framework
  • Step 2 - Implement safety risk management
  • Step 3 - Evaluate achievements through safety assurance
  • Step 4 - Support continuous improvement through safety promotion

Practical Implementation of SMS - Step 1 (Plan)

• Establish a safety management framework

2.1 Responsibility Framework

• Managemet is to adopt safety protocols
• Enforcing the all safety policies and procedures
• Manual must be responsible

2.2 SMS Implementation

It requires steps- the four phase approach

• Implementation flow Establishment of basic plan and assignment of responsibilities Development of safety management process Establishment of safety risk management process Improvement of safety management system

2.2.1 Establishment of Basic Plan and Responsibilities

• Has the objective requires how SMS are required will integrate and be meet into organization’s control systems framework including accountabilities
• During 12 month phase
• Organization need a the SMS Executive
• This person needs the authority to implement the system

Establish an Implementation Team

• Team with representatives division and departments
• The executive should appoint a manager
• That manager must understand management with functional operational actives

Define and Determine Scope

• Determine Activities and divide within departments and divide which SMS which will be applicable

GAP Analysis Implementation

• The SMS teams initial will come with a “JUST CULTURE”
• Compare procedures with the SMS requirements framework
• GAP analysis aids Development of an SMS Implementation Process
• The processes must address implement the SMS fully

2.2.2 Development of Safety Management Process

• Objective is to implement and processes safety management consolidation into SMS of organizations
• Includes the Safety Objectives. and Policy.

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2.2.3 Establishment Of The Safety Managment

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Step Includes

• Developing The Safety risk management process
• Building Risks That are relevant to Organization processes the SMS menu
• Identifying current potential hazard scenarios personnel property equipment and etc
• Asessing Each hazard and the likelihood that consequences will occur
• Monitor Acceptable To Be Well within And the safety The Performance criteria The Step Also Includes

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