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• Physical Education has transitioned from an extracurricular activity to a core part of the school curriculum, driven by the UN's Convention on the Rights of the Child, specifically Article 31, "The child's right to play," ratified on May 1st, 2012.
• India's "Swasth Bharat" initiative emphasizes wellness, preventative healthcare, and awareness, making it essential to address physical fitness at all levels of schooling.
• CBSE has mandated Physical Education in its schools to promote healthier lifestyles among children.
• A consistent Sports Policy, promoting equality must be implemented in schools, for all learners regardless of ability.
• Physical Education helps students develop skills, understand strategy, and transfer knowledge across various activities, while also enhancing confidence, teamwork, and leadership skills.
• Learning "in, through, and about" movement helps students understand its role in human expression and encourages participation in sports and recreation.

Tournaments

• Tournaments are held when there are many participants spread across different areas and venues.
• These tournaments can eliminate some drawbacks of Knockout and League formats.

Fixtures, Byes and Seeding

• Fixtures in sports are program that lists which team will play who, when , and where
• A fixture is the arrangement of teams in systematic order in various groups
• Tie, fixture, or heat includes multiple and subsequent matches.
• In athletics and swimming they are called Heats; in Tennis, badminton and other games we frequently use the terms Ties or Fixtures.
• Unbiased draws of fixtures is a road towards the success of any tournament.

Bye

• A bye is when a team does not participate in the primary round due to the allotment of draws,assigned through a random lottery system.
• Byes are assigned to deal with:
  • Uneven distribution of teams in knockout tournaments and odd numbers of teams in the league tournament
  • Separate pooling of previous winners in same group to create even competition
  • Avoid one team from playing more matches on a single day than the other, so creating disadvantage for some

Definition of Bye

• Bye is the position of a participant in a tournament who is not paired with an opponent, usually in the first round, and advanced to the next round without playing
• Bye is something aside from the main course or consideration.
• A sportsman in a tournament who is without an opponent.
• Bye is the right to proceed to the next round of a competition without contesting the present round, often through non-appearance of an opponent.

Extramural Tournaments

• Extramural Tournaments are tournaments conducted outside the boundaries of the organizing unit (school/college/institution).
• They occur between two or more players/teams from different schools/colleges/institutions, for example, Zonal, Inter-District, State, National or International Tournaments.

Objectives of Extramural Tournaments

• Extramural tournaments are an essential part of educational organizations and communities.
• A common team represents a school, college, or group and promotes engaging children and youth into various types of benefits.
• Important objectives:
  • Achieve high performance at the highest level of the tournament.
  • Develop a feeling of integration with other institutions.
  • Provide opportunities for choosing a career in sports.
  • Promote social, cultural, and economic development through sports.

Significance of Extramural Tournaments

• Showcase talent and explore potential among athletes.
• Progression in performance: Athletes and sportspersons gain experience, learn tactics and strategies, develop fitness, and undergo psychological preparation.
• Psychological factors: Events help balance stress, build confidence and self-esteem, manage emotions, and promote leadership and teamwork.
• Level of fitness: Enhances physical and mental strength for competition at higher levels.
• Socialization: Increases cross-cultural exchange and inter-community association.

National Sports Day & Fit India Movement

• The Government of India celebrates National Sports Day on August 29th, marking the birth anniversary of Major Dhyan Chand.
• The Fit India Movement was launched on August 29th, 2019, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to promote physical activity and sports.
• The aim is to encourage fitness and health, preventing lifestyle diseases.
• The slogan emphasizes that a healthy individual, family, and society are the path to making a new India a better India.

Types of Runs

• Health Run: Improves health standards and raises awareness about physical activities and health, or for charity.
• Run for Fun: Spreads the message of fitness and health, potentially raising funds.
• Run for Specific Cause: Raises awareness about social issues like cleanliness or gender inequality, or generates charity for causes like cancer or AIDS.

Physical Activity Recommendations for Different Age Groups

• Infants (0-11 months):
  • Should get 30 minutes of tummy time
  • playing equipment must not be so small that it can be swallowed or have sharp edges or prepared with toxic material
  • Activities like crawling and rolling should be performed on mat or sheet
  • Babies should be encouraged to be as active as possible in a safe, supervised and nurturing play environment.
  • During sedentary timing, the child must be engaged in reading and storytelling for encouragement
  • 0-3 months of age 14-17 hours and for 4-11 months of age baby should have 12-16 hours of good quality sleep that includes naps
• Toddlers (1-2 years):
  • Should not be involved in any sedentary activity which is more than one-hour long
  • Should undertake fundamental physical activity like walking, running, jumping, catching, throwing, leaping etc
  • Sedentary screen time is not recommended.Engagement in reading and storytelling should not be for more than one hour
  • Recommended toddlers get 11-14 hours of good quality sleep, including naps, with regular sleep and wake-up times
• Children (3-4 years):
  • Should spend at least 180 minutes in physical activities
  • At least one hour is spent in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity
  • This should be spread throughout the day, indoors or outside
  • Active play, such as using a climbing frame, riding a bike, playing in water, chasing games and ball games, is the best way for this age group to get moving
  • Sedentary time should not be more than one hour, and during this period engagement in reading and storytelling should be encouraged.
  • Quality sleep between 10-13 hours is recommended which includes a nap, with regular sleep and wake-up times.
• Aerobic activity: improves cardiorespiratory fitness.Examples of aerobic activity include: brisk walking, running, bicycling,jumping rope, and swimming.

Definitions of Key Terms

• Type of physical activity: includes aerobic, strength, flexibility, balance.
• Duration: The length of time in which an activity or exercise is performed
• Frequency: The number of times an exercise or activity is performed
• Intensity: Refers to the rate at which the activity is being performed or the magnitude of the effort required to perform an activity or exercise.
• Volume: Aerobic exercise exposures can be characterized by an interaction between bout intensity, frequency, duration, and longevity of the programme.
• Moderate-intensity physical activity: Activity performed at 3.0–5.9 times the intensity of rest. Usually a 5 or 6 on a scale of 0–10.
• Vigorous-intensity physical activity: Activity performed at 6.0 or more times the intensity of rest for adults and typically 7.0 or more times for children and youth. Usually a 7 or 8 on a scale of 0–10.
• Sedentary behaviour: Very low energy expenditure, such as sitting, reclining or lying down
• Sleep behaviour: Duration and timing of sleep. For children under 5 years of age includes both at night and daytime naps.
• Toddler: Child aged 1 to under 3 years (12.0–35.9 months).
• Tummy time: Time an infant spends lying on her/his stomach (in prone position) while awake with unrestricted movement of limbs.
• Nap: Period of sleep, usually during the daytime in addition to usual night time sleep.