Russian Agrarian Reform Post-1905
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What was the major aim of the agrarian reform initiated by the Russian regime after 1905?

  • To reinstate the mir as the primary means of rural stability
  • To eliminate all forms of land ownership among peasants
  • To create a class of small independent farmers (correct)
  • To promote large-scale collectivization of farms

How did Lenin perceive the liberal politicians emerging after the 1905 revolution?

  • As potential negotiators with the regime
  • As allies in achieving revolutionary goals
  • As self-important and ineffective (correct)
  • As competent leaders of political reform

What consequence did the regime expect from encouraging peasants to consolidate their holdings?

  • Peasants would resist and not sell their land
  • Peasants would unite against the regime
  • Poor peasants would remain in rural areas
  • Wealthy peasants would become more conservative (correct)

What was a predominant attitude among the revolutionary intelligentsia following the 1905 revolution?

<p>Disillusionment and a desire to abandon revolutionary ideals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable scandal in European Social Democracy between 1905 and 1917?

<p>The petty bickering among Russian emigres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the regime view the peasants' response to the reforms initiated post-1905?

<p>As a challenge to the established order (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a critical point of concern for Lenin and other revolutionaries after the 1905 uprising?

<p>The inability to support the workers' cause effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the peasant policy was considered by the regime to provide better stability in rural areas?

<p>Creating a class of small independent farmers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary task of the Russian intelligentsia in the nineteenth century?

<p>Creating social and political blueprints for Russia's future (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ideology did the Russian intelligentsia generally accept as desirable for social organization?

<p>Socialism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the central concerns of the Populists regarding capitalist industrialization?

<p>It led to human degradation and social disintegration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Populists view the Russian peasantry?

<p>As an idealized group representing traditional values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant reaction of the intelligentsia to their social isolation?

<p>To engage more with rural and working classes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What label was retrospectively assigned to radical intellectuals who opposed capitalist industrialization?

<p>Populists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Russian intellectuals generally believe about Western European industry?

<p>It brought social and political consequences that needed to be assessed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perception characterized the impact of capitalism on traditional rural communities, as expressed by the Populists?

<p>It forced peasants into urban poverty. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a consequence of the Stolypin reforms for the Russian peasantry?

<p>Increase in peasant ownership of land (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant economic event in Russia prior to 1914?

<p>Negotiation of a large international loan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary concern of Lenin regarding the Stolypin reforms?

<p>They could diminish the revolutionary potential of the proletariat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pattern was observed in labor unrest following the revolutionary movement of 1905-6?

<p>Labor unrest dropped sharply after initial strikes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the political climate of Russia leading up to World War I?

<p>The regime faced increasing demands for political reform alongside economic issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable event during the prewar years that highlighted labor unrest in Russia?

<p>The Petrograd general strike of 1914 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Bolsheviks view the changes in worker support during the early 20th century?

<p>They felt they were gaining support due to increased worker activism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Stolypin's reforms was viewed as progressive in Marxist terms?

<p>They laid the groundwork for capitalist development in agriculture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

1905 Revolution Impact

The 1905 revolution exposed limitations in revolutionary leadership's ability to guide the workers and challenged expectations of immediate societal transformation.

Bolsheviks & Mensheviks in 1905

Both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks held minimal influence on the 1905 workers' revolution; the workers exceeded their leadership's expectations.

Revolutionary Leaders' Disillusionment

Revolutionaries were disheartened amidst the return to pre-revolutionary conditions, emigration, petty bickering among revolutionaries, and the failure to achieve social perfection.

Stolypin's Agrarian Reform

A government program aimed at establishing a class of independent farmers by encouraging peasants to leave communal landholding.

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Mir System Abandonment

The government abandoned the idea that the mir (village commune) guaranteed rural stability, seeking a different approach to rural governance.

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Liberal Politicians' View

Lenin, and Tsar Nicholas II, viewed liberal politicians' behavior as superficial and self-serving.

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Emigre Tensions

Internal disputes among Russian emigrants increased in the pre-World War I era, becoming a source of contention within European social democracy.

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Peasant Revolts Impact

The Peasant revolts of 1905-1907 caused a shift in government policy towards agrarian reform, leading to a change in perspective on rural stability.

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Stolypin Reforms

Agricultural reforms in Russia, aimed at creating a class of independent farmers by encouraging peasants to leave the mir (village commune) and establish private farms.

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Russian Peasantry's tendency

The traditional Russian peasantry had a tendency towards revolting.

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1906 Russian Economy Boost

The Russian economy was supported by a large international loan of 2.25 billion francs negotiated by Witte in 1906, and domestic/foreign industry grew rapidly.

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Worker Labour Unrest

Worker unrest decreased after the harsh suppression of the 1905-6 revolution, but returned around 1910 and became increasingly frequent.

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1914 Petrograd General Strike

A large-scale strike in Petrograd in 1914, which indicated significant worker dissatisfaction and questioned Russia's ability to mobilize for war.

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Worker Grievances

Workers' demands included issues beyond economics, including concerns about the regime's involvement in foreign domination of industry and its use of force against them.

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Mensheviks and Bolsheviks

Mensheviks saw support decline as workers became more forceful, while Bolsheviks saw their support grow in this period.

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Russian Industrial Expansion

Pre-war Russia saw expansion of both native and foreign owned industry. A significant result of these changes was the increase in industrial laborers and the working class.

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Russian Intelligentsia's Goal

The Russian intelligentsia aimed to improve Russia by developing social and political blueprints for its future and, if possible, enacting them.

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Western Europe's Influence

Western Europe's present served as the standard for Russia's desired future, influencing discussions and plans for social and political changes.

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Populism: A Russian Radical Thought

Populism represented the dominant strain of Russian radical ideology in the late 19th century, opposing capitalist industrialization and idealizing the Russian peasantry.

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Populism: A Label with Nuance

The term 'Populism' was used to describe a range of radical intellectuals who opposed capitalist industrialization, but it reflected some degree of organization and unity. It was originally used by Marxists to distinguish themselves from other radical groups.

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Socialism as a Desired Ideal

The Russian intelligentsia generally embraced socialism, influenced by European pre-Marxist socialists, believing it to be the ideal form of social organization.

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Bridging the Gap: Intelligentsia and 'The People'

Motivated by a sense of social isolation, the Russian intelligentsia fervently desired to connect with the common people ('narod').

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Populism: Idealization of the Russian Peasantry

Populism combined a rejection of capitalist industrialization with an admiration for the Russian peasantry, viewing them as a source of strength and tradition.

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Capitalism's Impact on Rural Communities

Populists observed that capitalism had disrupted traditional rural communities in Europe, displacing peasants from their land and forcing them into urban areas as exploited workers.

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Study Notes

Book Title: The Russian Revolution, Second Edition

  • Author: Sheila Fitzpatrick
  • Publisher: Oxford University Press
  • Book details about the author and her academic publications
  • Fitzpatrick is a Professor of Modern Russian History at the University of Chicago.
  • Her scholarship focuses on modern Russian and Soviet social, political, and cultural history, from 1917 to 1953.
  • Her publications include The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (1992) and Everyday Stalinism (Oxford University Press, 2000).

Contents

  • Acknowledgements
  • Introduction
  • The Setting
    • The society
    • The revolutionary tradition
    • The 1905 Revolution and its aftermath; the First World War
  • 1917: The Revolutions of February and October
    • The February Revolution and 'dual power'
    • The Bolsheviks
    • The popular revolution
    • The political crises of the summer
    • The October Revolution
  • The Civil War
    • The Civil War, the Red Army and the Cheka
    • War Communism
    • Visions of the new world
    • The Bolsheviks in power
  • NEP and the Future of the Revolution
    • The discipline of retreat
    • The problem of bureaucracy
    • The leadership struggle
    • Building socialism in one country
  • Stalin's Revolution
    • Stalin versus the Right
    • The industrialization drive
    • Collectivization
    • Cultural Revolution
  • Ending the Revolution
    • Ending the Revolution
    • 'Revolution accomplished'
    • 'Revolution betrayed'
    • Terror
  • Notes; Select Bibliography
  • Index

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The Russian Revolution (2nd Edition) PDF - Sheila Fitzpatrick

Description

This quiz explores the key aspects of the agrarian reform initiated by the Russian regime after 1905, including the regime's aims, Lenin's views on emerging liberal politicians, and the peasants' responses to these reforms. It also touches upon significant events and attitudes among revolutionaries during this transformative period in Russian history.

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