Rural Health Policy Quiz

Health disparities are preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations.

According to the CDC, health disparities only affect racial or ethnic groups.

Mortality rates from all the leading causes of death in the US are higher in rural areas.

Up to 40% of all U.S. counties lack a qualified childbirth provider.

Rural-urban differences in severe maternal morbidity and mortality in the US have decreased from 2007 to 2015.

According to the text, health disparities may exist by area of residence, race, income, education, occupation, sexual orientation, gender identity, and others.

True or false: Rural residents had a higher probability of severe maternal morbidity and mortality compared to urban residents, even after controlling for sociodemographic factors and clinical conditions?

True or false: Rural areas have a higher burden of maternal mortality across all racial groups?

True or false: Reimbursement rates for births under Medicaid are the same as those for private health plans?

True or false: More than half of all Medicaid beneficiaries experience health insurance coverage gaps shortly after childbirth?

True or false: Counties that had no in-county hospital obstetric services during the study period are referred to as 'No services' counties?

True or false: Counties in which all in-county hospital obstetric services closed during the study period are referred to as 'Full closure' counties?

True or false: Adequate prenatal care is associated with higher rates of low birth weight, premature birth, and infant mortality.

True or false: Lack of culturally competent care is not a barrier to timely and adequate prenatal care.

True or false: The quality of care provided at delivery can impact the rate of obstetrical complications.

True or false: Racial/ethnic minority women often deliver in higher-quality hospitals.

True or false: Social determinants of health do not contribute to racial disparities in maternal health.

True or false: Implicit bias has no effect on the quality of care for patients.

True or false: Federal and State Policies to Support Maternity Care for Rural Areas include funding for financial and logistical support to hospitals.

True or false: Extending Medicaid coverage beyond 60 days postpartum is key to improving MCH outcomes.

True or false: The Quality Care for Moms and Babies Act creates a core set of maternal and infant healthy quality measures to better track the quality of care delivered to pregnant women and infants.

True or false: State Medicaid programs need to ensure an adequate supply of providers and reduce financial barriers to accessing evidence-based maternity services through Coverage, Benefits, Reimbursement rates, Payment policy, and Managed care arrangements.

True or false: Maternal mortality in the US declined by 68% between 1969 and 1998.

True or false: Pre-pregnancy care plays a role in improving pregnancy outcomes and is especially important for Black women who have higher rates of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and chronic disease.

True or false: Implicit bias affects health care providers' perceptions and decisions, creating inequalities in access, patient-provider interactions, treatment decisions, and health outcomes.

True or false: Some health care providers still hold false beliefs about biological differences between Black and White individuals that increase implicit bias.

True or false: Implicit bias can affect how providers communicate with patients.

True or false: Subtle racial biases may be expressed in such ways as approaching patients with a condescending tone.

True or false: Structural racism is a system where public policies, institutional practices, and cultural representations work to reinforce and perpetuate racial inequity.

True or false: Black women are more likely to be given cesarean sections compared to white women.

Rural residents have equal access to health care services during pregnancy and childbirth compared to urban residents.

Rural residents face fewer health care workforce shortages compared to urban residents.

Rural residents have lower rates of preterm births compared to urban residents.

Rural residents have fewer out-of-hospital births compared to urban residents.

Rural residents have lower infant mortality rates compared to small and medium-size metropolitan counties.

Rural-urban differences in severe maternal morbidity and mortality in the US have increased from 2007 to 2015.

True or false: Vaginal birth with forceps extraction and vacuum extraction is performed when the baby is not delivering, or the mother or baby is in distress?

True or false: Cesarean section is the fastest route of delivery?

True or false: C-sections are performed only in emergency situations?

True or false: VBAC (Vaginal birth after cesarean) attempts are successful in about 75% of appropriate candidates?

True or false: Birth centers are recommended for high-risk pregnancies?

True or false: C-sections are hospital-friendly because physicians are paid more for a C-section than for a vaginal delivery?

True or false: Some hospitals may not offer VBAC because they cannot provide emergency care?

True or false: The US has one of the highest rates of caesarean birth among high resource countries at 31.9% percent of all births?

True or false: C-sections have higher risks and longer recovery times?

True or false: Lack of culturally competent care is not a barrier to timely and adequate prenatal care?

True or false: Implicit bias affects health care providers' perceptions and decisions, creating inequalities in access, patient-provider interactions, treatment decisions, and health outcomes?

True or false: Structural racism is a system where public policies, institutional practices, and cultural representations work to reinforce and perpetuate racial inequity?

True or false: Extending Medicaid coverage beyond 60 days postpartum is key to improving MCH outcomes?

True or false: Black women are more likely to be given cesarean sections compared to white women?

True or false: The US has one of the best maternal and infant outcomes compared to other high-income countries?

True or false: Maternal mortality has consistently increased in most high-resource countries over the past 25 years?

True or false: The US has lower maternal and infant outcomes compared to other high-income countries?

True or false: The US has lower costs of maternity care compared to its peer countries?

True or false: A 'good birth' in the US is characterized by agency, dignity, and connectedness?

True or false: Hospitals in the US offer a variety of birth options, including natural birth, vaginal birth with augmentation, vaginal birth with epidural, episiotomy, forceps extraction, vacuum extraction, and Cesarean Section?

True or false: Natural birth in hospitals is recommended for high-risk pregnancies without serious medical conditions?

True or false: Planned home births in the US have a higher rate of infant death compared to hospital births?

True or false: Women may be transferred to a hospital during a home birth if there is no progress with labor?

True or false: Midwives can perform gynecological exams and provide prenatal care similar to doctors?

True or false: Doulas provide emotional, informational, and physical support during pregnancy and birth?

True or false: Midwives can administer pain medications and give labor-inducing drugs?

True or false: Midwives can order an epidural and perform an episiotomy?

True or false: Doulas need to go through a certification process to practice?

True or false: A doula can provide nonmedical techniques during labor, such as breathing and massage?

True or false: The rate of C-sections in the US has been increasing?

True or false: Over 5 million women in the US lived in counties without access to obstetrician/gynecologist, nurse midwife, or a hospital with a maternity unit in 2016?

True or false: Many women who rely on Medicaid for maternity care coverage live in states that have not expanded eligibility for Medicaid?

True or false: Early life care is critical for infants, and many postpartum needs persist for a year after birth?

True or false: The US has one of the highest rates of caesarean birth among high resource countries at 31.9% of all births?

True or false: C-sections have higher risks and longer recovery times?

True or false: Some women in the US are not eligible for Medicaid because they lack documentation that they are legal residents?

True or false: The rate of C-sections in the US has been decreasing?

True or false: The US has one of the worst maternal and infant outcomes compared to other high-income countries?

True or false: The US continues to outpace its peer countries in the costs of maternity care?

True or false: Hospitals in the US offer a variety of birth options, including natural birth, vaginal birth with augmentation, vaginal birth with epidural, episiotomy, forceps extraction, vacuum extraction, and Cesarean Section?

True or false: Natural birth in hospitals is recommended for healthy, low-risk pregnancies without serious medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure?

True or false: Vaginal birth with augmentation, using Pitocin, is linked to hypertensive episodes, vomiting, and postpartum hemorrhage?

True or false: Vaginal birth with epidural anesthesia relieves pain but is linked to low blood pressure, headaches, discomfort, and nausea?

True or false: Vaginal birth with episiotomy may cause longer recovery period and may or may not cause complications during sexual intercourse?

True or false: Home births in the US involve the participation of trained midwives or nurse-midwives in cases of low-risk, healthy pregnancies?

True or false: Cost is one of the pros of home births?

True or false: Lack of access to transportation or facilities is one of the pros of home births?

True or false: Dissatisfaction with institutionalized care is one of the pros of home births?

True or false: Women may be transferred to a hospital during a home birth if there is no progress with labor?

True or false: Midwives can do many of the same things as doctors, including performing gynecological exams and providing prenatal care?

True or false: Doulas provide emotional, informational, and physical support during pregnancy and birth?

True or false: Midwives provide medical care for women during pregnancy, birth, and the immediate postpartum period?

True or false: Planned home births in the US have a lower rate of infant death compared to hospital births?

True or false: Forceps and vacuum extractions are used during vaginal birth to extract the baby from the woman's vagina.

True or false: Cesarean section is a major abdominal surgery performed to remove the baby when the baby is not in ideal position for vaginal birth, or is in distress, or if the mother has complications.

True or false: The C-section rate in the US is high due to factors such as women choosing C-sections to avoid pain in vaginal deliveries, doctors taking a conservative approach and recommending C-sections at a higher rate, and American culture being comfortable with surgeries.

True or false: C-sections are doctor-friendly because physicians are paid more for a C-section than for a vaginal delivery, and C-sections are quick and can be planned at a suitable time.

True or false: VBAC (Vaginal birth after cesarean) attempts are successful in about 75% of appropriate candidates.

True or false: Birth centers are recommended for low-risk pregnancies and emphasize a more natural birthing process.

True or false: The rate of C-sections in the US has been increasing.

Mothers involved in non-cohabiting romantic partnerships are more likely to initiate breastfeeding compared to women who are single and not romantically involved.

Involvement in dating or visiting relationships may discourage mothers from breastfeeding.

Research has shown that family structure has no impact on children's chances of growing up in poverty.

There is less research on health outcomes compared to academic outcomes when it comes to family structure.

ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) have no impact on a child's future health outcomes.

Chronic conditions such as Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy, and diabetes are not influenced by family structure.

Breastfeeding decisions are not influenced by family structure.

Children's health outcomes during childhood/young adulthood may have an impact on their future health outcomes.

Children growing up in non-cohabiting romantic partnerships are more likely to have chronic conditions such as autism and congenital heart disease.

More research is needed to understand the mechanisms that influence women's decisions to breastfeed.

True or false: The definition of family has remained unchanged throughout history?

True or false: Blended families only consist of children living with one biological/adoptive parent and that parent's spouse?

True or false: Cohabiting families only consist of children living with one biological/adoptive parent and that parent's unmarried cohabiting partner?

True or false: Extended families only consist of children living with one or two parents, and at least one related, non-parent adult?

True or false: LGBTQ+ families do not exist in the US?

True or false: More than 25% of American children grow up without a father in the household?

True or false: An estimated 3 million LGBT Americans have had a child?

True or false: The rate of single-parent families has decreased over the past 50 years?

True or false: There are no health disparities based on factors such as race, income, or sexual orientation?

True or false: Up to 40% of all U.S. counties lack a qualified childbirth provider?

True or false: Same-sex couple parents and their children are more likely to be racial and ethnic minorities.

True or false: LGBTQ+ individuals and same-sex couples raising children experience economic disadvantages.

True or false: Single LGBT adults raising children are 3X more likely than comparable non-LGBT individuals to report household incomes near the poverty threshold.

True or false: The median annual household income of same-sex couples with children under age 18 is lower than comparable different-sex couples.

True or false: Women's health behaviors during pregnancy can affect the health of their children at birth.

True or false: Married women are more likely to receive prenatal care and take prenatal vitamins.

True or false: Unmarried but romantically involved or cohabiting women exhibit a similar pattern of prenatal care behavior as married women.

True or false: Children born to unmarried mothers are more likely to experience adverse birth outcomes.

True or false: Cohabiting mothers are less likely to have adverse birth outcomes than single, non-cohabiting mothers.

True or false: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that women exclusively breastfeed their children up to six months of age.

True or false: Same-sex couple parents and their children are less likely to be racial and ethnic minorities compared to different-sex couples?

True or false: LGBTQ+ individuals and same-sex couples raising children experience economic advantages compared to non-LGBT individuals?

True or false: Single LGBT adults raising children are more likely than comparable non-LGBT individuals to report household incomes near the poverty threshold?

True or false: The median annual household income of same-sex couples with children is higher than comparable different-sex couples?

True or false: Women's health behaviors during pregnancy have no impact on their children's health at birth?

True or false: Children born to unmarried mothers are less likely to experience adverse birth outcomes compared to those born to married mothers?

True or false: Married mothers are less likely to initiate breastfeeding and breastfeed for longer durations compared to unmarried mothers?

True or false: Structural racism is a system that works to reinforce and perpetuate racial equity?

True or false: Research has shown that family structure has no impact on children's chances of growing up in poverty?

True or false: Involvement in dating or visiting relationships encourages mothers to initiate breastfeeding?

True or false: Mothers involved in non-cohabiting romantic partnerships are more likely to initiate breastfeeding compared to women in all other types of relationships?

True or false: Studies have consistently found that involvement in dating or visiting relationships actually encourage mothers to breastfeed?

True or false: More research is needed to understand the factors that influence women's decisions to breastfeed?

True or false: Family structure has been extensively studied in relation to children's chances of growing up in poverty?

True or false: There is limited research on the association between family structure and health outcomes?

True or false: Health outcomes during childhood/young adulthood have no impact on future health outcomes?

True or false: Family structure has no influence on the prevalence of chronic conditions in children?

True or false: Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell anemia are not assessed in relation to family structure?

True or false: Autism, diabetes, arthritis, and congenital heart disease are not assessed in relation to family structure?

True or false: The association between family structure and children's health has been extensively studied?

True or false: The definition of family has evolved over time to include diverse familial compositions such as blended families and LGBTQ+ families.

True or false: Nuclear families consist of children living with two parents who are married to each other and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family.

True or false: Single-parent families consist of children living with a single adult of either gender.

True or false: Unmarried biological or adoptive families consist of children living with two unmarried parents who are biological or adoptive parents to all the family's children.

True or false: Blended families consist of children living with one biological or adoptive parent and that parent's spouse.

True or false: Cohabiting families consist of children living with one biological or adoptive parent and that parent's unmarried cohabiting partner.

True or false: Extended families consist of children living with one or two parents, and at least one related, non-parent adult such as a grandparent or adult sibling.

True or false: 'Other' families consist of children living with adults who are not their biological or adoptive parents.

True or false: More than 25% of American children grow up without a father in the household.

True or false: An estimated 3 million LGBT Americans have had a child and as many as 6 million American children and adults have an LGBT parent.

True or false: Buffalo Fatherhood Initiative began in late 2017?

True or false: Research shows that children without a biological, step, or adoptive father at home are at 4x greater risk of poverty, behavioral problems, and 7x more likely to experience teen pregnancy?

True or false: Autonomy is a child's ability or willingness to conform to the direction of others and follow rules?

True or false: Racial disparities in maternal health show that Black women are three times more likely to die from pregnancy-related complications compared to other racial and ethnic groups?

True or false: Lack of involvement in dating or visiting relationships may discourage mothers from breastfeeding?

True or false: Birth centers are recommended for high-risk pregnancies?

True or false: The US has one of the best maternal and infant outcomes compared to other high-income countries?

True or false: Doulas provide emotional, informational, and physical support during pregnancy and birth?

True or false: Lack of access to transportation or facilities is one of the pros of home births?

True or false: Implicit bias affects health care providers' perceptions and decisions, creating inequalities in access, patient-provider interactions, treatment decisions, and health outcomes?

True or false: Black maternal health disparities can be attributed to factors such as structural racism, implicit bias, differences in healthcare quality, and undetected and underlying chronic conditions.

True or false: Studies show that when fathers are involved during pregnancy, mothers are 1.5X more likely to receive prenatal care in the first trimester.

True or false: Father involvement leads to a higher likelihood of maternal access to health service, more preparedness around birth complications, and better maternal nutrition.

True or false: Father support of breastfeeding improves breastfeeding outcomes.

True or false: Skin-to-skin contact for dads includes bonding with their baby, feeling more confident as a father, and feeling a surge of protectiveness toward their baby.

True or false: Lack of culturally competent care is a barrier to timely and adequate prenatal care.

True or false: Implicit bias affects health care providers' perceptions and decisions, creating inequalities in access, patient-provider interactions, treatment decisions, and health outcomes.

True or false: Pre-pregnancy care plays a role in improving pregnancy outcomes and is especially important for Black women who have higher rates of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and chronic disease.

True or false: Some women in the US are not eligible for Medicaid because they lack documentation that they are legal residents.

True or false: C-sections have higher risks and longer recovery times.

True or false: Exam 1 for PUB 460 with Dr. Gauri Desai will be on 10/5 during class period?

True or false: The exam will be closed book?

True or false: The exam will cover content from lecture slides only, not readings or case study HWs?

True or false: The exam will consist of 8 short answer questions and the rest will be true/false or multiple choice?

True or false: The exam will focus on short homework assignments and question banks?

True or false: The exam will have mostly big picture/understanding-based questions?

True or false: The exam will allow students to use their own words to explain their answers?

True or false: The exam will cover the 5 defining principles and 3 exposure models of the life course theory?

True or false: Infertility is an important topic in the course?

True or false: Family structure can affect child health outcomes through various mechanisms?

True or false: A first-trimester abortion carries minimal risk.

True or false: In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is a method to address infertility and is increasingly used by couples to conceive.

True or false: According to the life course approach, disease status in an adult in the present day could be the result of their experiences and exposures occurring only in the present day.

True or false: The principle of timing in life course theory suggests that our health is shaped not only by what happens to us but also by when it happens.

True or false: Vaginal birth with augmentation refers to a birth where the uterus is stimulated to increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of contractions.

True or false: A doula is a trained medical professional.

True or false: Prenatal exposure to certain adversities may have intergenerational consequences.

True or false: In the past few decades, the definition of family has evolved to include the diversity of familial composition.

True or false: High-tech neonatal intensive care is the only solution to reduce neonatal mortality.

True or false: Women may choose to go for a C-section to avoid the pain in vaginal deliveries, physicians are paid more for a C-section than they are for a vaginal delivery, and C-sections are hospital-friendly.

True or false: Exam 1 for PUB 460 will be held on 10/5 during class period from 2:00 - 3:20 pm in DFN 103.

True or false: The Exam 1 is closed book.

True or false: The Exam 1 will include content from lecture slides only, not readings or case study HWs.

True or false: The Exam 1 will consist of 8 short answers and the rest will be T/F or multiple choice questions.

True or false: The Exam 1 will focus on short HWs and question bank.

True or false: The Exam 1 will cover the 5 defining principles and 3 exposure models of the life course theory.

True or false: There will be no definitions on the Exam 1.

True or false: The Exam 1 will mostly have big picture/understanding-based questions.

True or false: The Exam 1 will allow students to use their own words to explain concepts.

True or false: Those taking the test in the Office of Accessibility Resources need to make an appointment with the office.

True or false: A first-trimester abortion is one of the safest medical procedures and carries minimal risk.

True or false: In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is a method to address infertility and is increasingly used by couples to conceive.

True or false: According to the life course approach, disease status in an adult in the present day could be the result of their experiences and exposures occurring only in the present day.

True or false: The principle of timing in life course theory suggests that our health is shaped not only by what happens to us but also by when it happens.

True or false: Vaginal birth with augmentation refers to a birth where there are no interventions.

True or false: A doula is a trained medical professional.

True or false: Prenatal exposure to certain adversities may have intergenerational consequences.

True or false: In the past few decades, the definition of family has evolved to include the diversity of familial composition.

True or false: High-tech neonatal intensive care is the only solution to reduce neonatal mortality.

True or false: Women may choose to go for a C-section to avoid the pain in vaginal deliveries, physicians are paid more for a C-section than they are for a vaginal delivery, and C-sections are hospital-friendly.

True or false: Exam 1 will be on 10/5 during class period (2:00 – 3:20 pm) in DFN 103?

True or false: Exam 1 will be closed book?

True or false: Exam 1 will have 8 short answers and the rest will be T/F or multiple choice?

True or false: Exam 1 will focus on short HWs and question bank?

True or false: Exam 1 will cover content from lecture slides only, nothing from readings or case study HWs?

True or false: Exam 1 will mostly have big picture/understanding-based questions?

True or false: Exam 1 will allow students to use their own words to explain concepts?

True or false: Exam 1 will cover the 5 defining principles and 3 exposure models of the life course theory?

True or false: Students taking the test in the Office of Accessibility Resources need to make an appointment with the office?

True or false: The 5 defining principles of the life course theory are central to the whole semester?

True or false: A first-trimester abortion is one of the safest medical procedures and carries minimal risk?

True or false: In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is a method to address infertility and is increasingly used by couples to conceive?

True or false: According to the life course approach, disease status in an adult in the present day could be the result of their experiences and exposures occurring only in the present day?

True or false: The principle of timing in life course theory suggests that our health is shaped not only by what happens to us but also by when it happens?

True or false: Vaginal birth with augmentation refers to a birth where there are no interventions?

True or false: A doula is a trained medical professional?

True or false: Prenatal exposure to certain adversities may have intergenerational consequences?

True or false: In the past few decades, the definition of family has evolved to include the diversity of familial composition?

True or false: High-tech neonatal intensive care is the only solution to reduce neonatal mortality?

True or false: Women may choose to go for a C-section to avoid the pain in vaginal deliveries and physicians are paid more for a C-section than they are for a vaginal delivery?

True or false: Exam 1 will be on 10/5 during class period in DFN 103?

True or false: Exam 1 will be an open book exam?

True or false: Exam 1 will consist of 8 short answers and the rest will be T/F and multiple choice questions?

True or false: The content for Exam 1 will be based on lecture slides only, and not on readings or case studies?

True or false: The Office of Accessibility Resources requires an appointment for taking the exam?

True or false: The 5 defining principles of the life course theory are central to the whole semester?

True or false: There are 3 exposure models of the life course theory?

True or false: Infertility is an important topic to focus on?

True or false: Contraceptive-related services can be delivered through community-based programming?

True or false: Family structure can affect child health outcomes through mechanisms such as maternal mental health?

True or false: A first-trimester abortion is one of the safest medical procedures and carries minimal risk.

True or false: In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is a method to address infertility and is increasingly used by couples to conceive.

True or false: According to the life course approach, disease status in an adult in the present day could be the result of their experiences and exposures occurring only in the present day.

True or false: The principle of timing in life course theory suggests that our health is shaped not only by what happens to us but also by when it happens.

True or false: Vaginal birth with augmentation refers to a birth where there are no interventions.

True or false: A doula is a trained medical professional.

True or false: Prenatal exposure to certain adversities may have intergenerational consequences.

True or false: In the past few decades, the definition of family has evolved to include the diversity of familial composition.

True or false: High-tech neonatal intensive care is the only solution to reduce neonatal mortality.

True or false: The reasons behind high C-section rates in the US include women choosing C-sections to avoid pain, physicians being paid more for C-sections, and C-sections being hospital-friendly.

True or false: A first-trimester abortion is one of the safest medical procedures and carries minimal risk.

True or false: In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is a method to address infertility and is increasingly used by couples to conceive.

True or false: According to the life course approach, disease status in an adult in the present day could be the result of their experiences and exposures occurring only in the present day.

True or false: The principle of timing in life course theory suggests that our health is shaped not only by what happens to us but also by when it happens.

True or false: Vaginal birth with augmentation refers to a birth where there are no interventions.

True or false: A doula is a trained medical professional.

True or false: Prenatal exposure to certain adversities may have intergenerational consequences.

True or false: In the past few decades, the definition of family has evolved to include the diversity of familial composition.

True or false: High-tech neonatal intensive care is the only solution to reduce neonatal mortality.

True or false: Women may choose to go for a C-section to avoid the pain in vaginal deliveries, physicians are paid more for a C-section than they are for a vaginal delivery, and C-sections are hospital-friendly, i.e., they can be quick and allow a higher patient load in a time period.

True or false: Exam 1 will consist of questions on both short answer and T/F, multiple choice formats?

True or false: The defining principles of the life course theory are not relevant to this semester's content?

True or false: Infertility is important to focus on mainly because of its social impact?

True or false: Contraceptive-related services can be delivered through cash transfers?

True or false: Family structure has no impact on child health outcomes?

True or false: Investing in family planning programs has no impact on population and development?

True or false: Maternal mental health is not a mechanism through which family structure affects child health outcomes?

True or false: The exam will mostly consist of definitions?

True or false: The exam will be an open book?

True or false: The life course theory does not include any exposure models?

True or false: Exam 1 will be held on 10/5 from 2:00 - 3:20 pm?

True or false: Exam 1 will be open book?

True or false: Exam 1 will cover content from the readings and case study?

True or false: Exam 1 will consist of 8 short answers and the rest will be T/F and multiple choice questions?

True or false: The defining principles of the life course theory will be covered on Exam 1?

True or false: The exposure models of the life course theory will be covered on Exam 1?

True or false: Maternal mental health is one mechanism by which family structure affects child health outcomes?

True or false: Cash transfers are one way in which contraceptive-related services are delivered?

True or false: Investing in family planning programs is primarily driven by the demographic rationale?

True or false: Implicit bias affects health care providers' perceptions and decisions, creating inequalities in access, patient-provider interactions, treatment decisions, and health outcomes?