GI Part 11

Rumens are able to get glucose from their diet.

What do ruminants depend on in order to meet their glucose needs?

How many contractions does the rumen undergo?

What is the purpose of the first primary (aka mixing) contraction?

How many ruminal contractions occur per minute on average?

The rate and strength of contractions depends on ________

The secondary contraction is referred to as _______

Secondary contractions (aka eructation) is a caudal moving contraction

Course, fibrous feeds stimulate the most frequent and strongest contractions

What is the function of secondary contractions?

The regurgitation reflex is a secondary contraction

What is the function of the regurgitation reflex?

What initiates the regurgitation reflex in ruminants?

How often does typical regurgitation occur in ruminants?

What role does antiperistalsis play during regurgitation?

Which of the following correctly describes the role of the lower esophageal sphincter during regurgitation?

What percentage of cows in a herd should ideally be actively chewing cud at any given time?

The gases produced during rumination are mainly …

The eructation center is localized in the ______ and receives _____ fibers from mechanoreceptors placed in the _____ sac of the rumen.

What is another word to describe bloating?

What mechanism fails in cattle leading to tympanism or bloating?

Which of the following is a typical cause of legume bloat in cattle?

What is the result of gas becoming trapped in tiny bubbles during bloating?

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of impaired eructation in cattle?

What is not detected by the mechanoreceptors of the rumen's dorsal sac?

The stretch receptors and chemo receptors monitor distention and consistency of the ____, ___, ____ and ____

What initiates the closure of the esophageal groove in ruminants?

What function does the esophageal groove serve in young ruminants?

What physiological mechanism causes the muscles of the groove to contract?

What happens to the esophageal groove when it is stimulated?

What type of reflex primarily mediates the closure of the reticular groove?

Which of the following are ketones that are produced during ruminant ketosis?

Which conditions primarily lead to the occurrence of ruminant ketosis in dairy cows?

What is the consequence of an inadequate supply of oxaloacetate during the degradation of acetyl CoA?

Which sequence correctly describes the metabolic pathway of acetate and butyrate entering the Krebs cycle?

Which of the following statements is true about the degradation of acetoacetyl CoA?

What is the primary motility pattern in the cecum?

In the ventral colon, which of the following are the predominant motility pattern(s)?

How do small and big particles behave in the ventral colon?

Which statement correctly describes haustral segmentations in the ventral colon?

What is the predominant effect of motility patterns in the cecum on ingesta?

All the glucose available to ruminants originates from gluconeogenesis. The most important precursor of glucose in ruminants is proprionate

Proprionate enters the Kreb cycle at the level of ______

What is the primary purpose of gluconeogenesis in ruminants?

Which of the following statements about propionate in ruminants is accurate?

In the context of glucose synthesis in high-producing dairy cows, what is the predominant destination for the glucose produced?

What role does acetate play in ruminant metabolism?

What percentage of glucose needs in ruminants does gluconeogenesis typically satisfy?