Rules of Pluralization in English Grammar

Study Notes

Plural nouns are formed by adding "-s" to the singular form of the noun.
For nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add "-es". This creates the plural form like buses, brushes, churches, boxes, and buzzes.
For nouns ending in a consonant + y, change the y to i and add -es. This creates plural forms like families, cities, and berries.
For nouns ending in -o, add "-s" or "-es" depending on how the word sounds when you pronounce it in the singular. For example, radios is acceptable, but potatoes is the standard.
Irregular plural forms exist, where the plural and singular forms differ considerably. Some examples include: man/men, woman/women, child/children, foot/feet, tooth/teeth, goose/geese, mouse/mice.
Compound nouns form their plural forms based on the key part of the compound. For example, 'brother-in-law' forms its plural as 'brothers-in-law', with the 'brother' portion determining the plural form.

Some nouns retain their singular form for the plural. Examples include: deer, sheep, fish.
Some mass nouns (e.g., water, information, sugar) do not have a plural form in the usual sense. To refer to multiple instances of these nouns, use an expression like "several pieces of information" to make the meaning clear.
Some plural nouns can also be used as singular nouns in some contexts. Example; 'The police is investigating...'.
Proper nouns, such as names of organizations or people, follow standard pluralization rules when they are used in a non-proper context.
Foreign nouns can require specialized rules related to how they are treated in the particular language.

The context of a sentence or paragraph can influence the use of a plural noun.
When multiple objects are mentioned, the plural form is used. Conversely, when a single item is mentioned, the singular form is used.
The meaning of a noun phrase in context can be crucial to determine if a noun should be in the singular or plural form. For example, "the team's success" is singular and refers to the team's collective success.

Misapplying or forgetting pluralization rules
Confusion between singular and plural forms of nouns, especially the irregular ones.
Improper use of compound nouns that include proper nouns

Using plural nouns is fundamental for clarity and accuracy in conveying meaning.
Plural nouns are necessary to represent multiple entities in writing.

Some words can be either singular or plural, depending on the number of entities being referenced. For example, 'scissors' can be singular or plural.
Collective nouns, such as 'team' or 'group', can be used in either singular or plural form depending on the intended meaning. If we are discussing the group as a singular entity, we use the singular form; if focusing on each member of the collection, we use the plural.