Questions and Answers
Who is Wilhelm Roentgen?
discovered x-rays
When was x-rays invented?
November 8th, 1895
What was the first x-ray of?
Wilhelm Roentgen's wife's hand
Who is Clarence Dally?
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What are the Cardinal Rules/ Fundamentals of Radiation Protection?
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What is the source of radiation?
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What are the fundamental quantities?
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What are the derived quantities?
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What are the radiologic quantities?
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What is a coulomb/kilogram?
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What is the gray?
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What is a sievert?
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What is the Becquerel?
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Radiographic equipment can be either what?
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What does the tube stand/ tube mount do/help with?
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What does the table do/help with?
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What does the wall unit do/help with?
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What does the control panel do?
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What does ALARA stand for?
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What does ASRT stand for?
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What does ARRT stand for?
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What does the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists do?
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What are the 'tools' in radiation protection?
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What does AEC stand for?
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What does SID stand for?
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What does ORP stand for?
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What is compensating filtration?
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What is differential absorption?
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What is protective housing?
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What is the leakage radiation limit?
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What is a rotating anode?
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What is a stationary anode?
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What is Anode Heel Effect?
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What is a dual-focus tube?
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How do higher atomic numbers help?
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What are the cardinal rules of x-ray?
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What is the Inverse Square Law?
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What does increase attenuation mean?
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What does ionizing radiation do?
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How does adjusting KVP help?
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What does lowering the KVP do?
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What does heightening the KVP do?
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What is a high contrast image?
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What does contrast mean?
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What do you use to change the density of an image?
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What is the primary controlling factor for density and increasing quantity of photons?
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What does a focusing cup do?
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What is a focusing cup made out of?
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What is a latent image?
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What is a manifest image?
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What is a bremsstrahlung interaction?
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What does thermionic emission mean?
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What does total filtration mean?
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What is inherent filtration?
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What is added filtration?
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What is a cathode?
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What is a cathode made of?
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What is the negative end of the tube?
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What is the line-focus principle?
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Where is a filament held?
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What is a filament made of?
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Why is tungsten the best metal for the x-ray source?
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What is the atomic number for tungsten?
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What does filtration do?
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What does filtration help?
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What is attenuation?
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What is an x-ray photon?
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What is a primary beam?
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What does higher KVP mean?
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What is compton scatter?
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What does increasing filtration do?
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What is scatter radiation?
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What happens when the patient is closer to the beam?
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What happens when the patient is further from the beam?
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What is mass responsible for?
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What is the KVP responsible for?
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What does a hard beam mean?
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What does a soft beam mean?
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What does A.H.A.R.A stand for?
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What does A.S.R.T stand for?
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What does A.R.R.T stand for?
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What does Photoelectric interaction interact with?
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What is the best way to only change the density on a radiographic image?
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What are fundamental qualities?
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What are radiologic quantities?
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What are derived quantities?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Imaging Principles
- Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays on November 8th, 1895.
- The first X-ray taken was of Roentgen's wife's hand.
Radiation Safety and Protection
- Clarence Dally was Thomas Edison's assistant and the first known fatality from radiation.
- Cardinal Rules of Radiation Protection: Time, Distance, Shielding (with distance being the most crucial).
- ALARA: As Low As Reasonably Achievable, emphasizing radiation exposure minimization.
Radiation Fundamentals
- Fundamental Quantities: Mass, Length, Time.
- Derived Quantities: Includes Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Momentum, Work, and Power.
- Radiologic Quantities: Dose, Dose Equivalent, Exposure, and Radioactivity.
- Coulomb/kilogram measures ionization in air exposure.
Radiation Dosage Units
- Gray: Unit for radiation absorption.
- Sievert: Measures occupational exposure or dose equivalent.
- Becquerel: Measures radioactivity.
Radiographic Equipment
- Radiographic equipment types: Mobile or permanently installed.
- Tube Stand/Tube Mount: Provides mobility to the X-ray tube.
- Radiographic Table: Features a 4-way floating top with electromagnetic locks for height adjustment.
- Wall Unit: Allows adjustable height for upright examinations, equipped with vertical Bucky assembly.
- Control Panel: Used to select Kilovoltage and milliamperage for X-ray production.
Radiation Protection Tools
- Tools for radiation protection include limiting exposure fields, controlling kilovoltage, avoiding duplicate exams, screening for pregnancy, and ensuring accurate imaging the first time.
- AEC stands for Automatic Exposure Control.
- SID means Source Image Distance.
- ORP stands for Optimization for Radiation Protection.
Image Formation Concepts
- Compensating Filtration: Balances uneven anatomy, thicker part placed over denser areas.
- Differential Absorption: Varies based on anatomy, crucial for image formation.
X-ray Tube Components
- Protective Housing: Lined with lead to prevent leakage radiation; limits set at no more than 100 mR/h at 1 m distance.
- Anode Types:
- Rotating Anode: Spreads heat over a larger area (tungsten-coated molybdenum disc).
- Stationary Anode: Found in dental and portable units; prone to heat damage.
- Anode Heel Effect: Beam intensity is higher on the cathode side due to absorption in the anode.
X-ray Production Factors
- Higher Atomic Numbers: Increase X-ray absorption; bone absorbs more than air.
- Inverse Square Law: Describes the relationship between distance and beam intensity.
- Attenuation: Reduction of beam intensity through matter due to absorption or scatter.
Image Quality Control
- KVP (Kilovoltage Peak): Controls the quality (energy) of the beam; altering KVP changes image contrast.
- Higher KVP: Increases energy and Compton scatter, potentially degrading image quality.
- Mass: The primary controlling factor for density and photon quantity in an image.
- Contrast: Refers to differences in adjacent densities.
X-ray Components and Interactions
- Focusing Cup: Maintains electron cohesion towards the anode.
- Filament: Made of tungsten; generates electrons through thermionic emission.
- X-ray photons created at the anode target; primary beam exits the tube first.
- Photoelectric Interaction: Involves K-shell electrons leading to total absorption of the X-ray photon.
Key Organizations in Radiology
- ASRT: American Society of Radiologic Technologists.
- ARRT: American Registry of Radiologic Technologists, governs ethical practices in radiography.
Miscellaneous Concepts
- High-contrast images feature strong differences between black and white; commonly seen in chest X-rays.
- Soft and Hard Beams: Soft beams have lower energy while hard beams possess higher energy and intensity.
- Latent Image: An invisible image that becomes visible once processed into a manifest image.
- Filtration: Reduces low-energy photons, lowering patient skin dose and increasing image quality.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards based on RTE 115, an introduction to imaging principles. Learn about key figures like Wilhelm Roentgen and historical milestones in the field of radiology. Perfect for students preparing for exams in imaging technology.