RTE 115 Imaging Principles Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Who is Wilhelm Roentgen?

discovered x-rays

When was x-rays invented?

November 8th, 1895

What was the first x-ray of?

Wilhelm Roentgen's wife's hand

Who is Clarence Dally?

Thomas Edison's assistant and the first to die from the radiation Signup and view all the answers

What are the Cardinal Rules/ Fundamentals of Radiation Protection?

Shielding, Time, Distance (most important) Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of radiation?

x-ray tube Signup and view all the answers

What are the fundamental quantities?

mass, length, time Signup and view all the answers

What are the derived quantities?

velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, work, and power Signup and view all the answers

What are the radiologic quantities?

dose, dose equivalent, exposure, and radioactivity Signup and view all the answers

What is a coulomb/kilogram?

is a measure of the number of electrons liberated by ionization per kilogram of air (in air exposure) Signup and view all the answers

What is the gray?

the unit for how much radiation is absorbed in a dose Signup and view all the answers

What is a sievert?

used to quantify occupational exposure or dose equivalent Signup and view all the answers

What is the Becquerel?

unit that measures radioactivity Signup and view all the answers

Radiographic equipment can be either what?

Mobile or permanently installed Signup and view all the answers

What does the tube stand/ tube mount do/help with?

gives mobility to the x-ray tube Signup and view all the answers

What does the table do/help with?

designed to raise and lower, has a 4-way floating top with electromagnetic locks Signup and view all the answers

What does the wall unit do/help with?

consists of a vertical rail assembly affixed to the wall and floor and a vertical Bucky assembly for upright exams Signup and view all the answers

What does the control panel do?

used by the radiographer to select the Kilovoltage and milliamperage that's applied to the x-ray tube Signup and view all the answers

What does ALARA stand for?

As Low As Reasonably Achievable Signup and view all the answers

What does ASRT stand for?

American Society of Radiologic Technologists Signup and view all the answers

What does ARRT stand for?

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists Signup and view all the answers

What does the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists do?

Code of ethics, rules of ethics Signup and view all the answers

What are the 'tools' in radiation protection?

limiting the field of x-ray exposure, controlling the x-ray beam's kilovoltage, avoiding unnecessary duplication of exams, screening for pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What does AEC stand for?

automatic exposure control Signup and view all the answers

What does SID stand for?

source image distance Signup and view all the answers

What does ORP stand for?

optimization for radiation protection Signup and view all the answers

What is compensating filtration?

even out uneven anatomy on the foot Signup and view all the answers

What is differential absorption?

beam attenuates differently depending on different anatomy Signup and view all the answers

What is protective housing?

lined with lead to prevent leakage radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the leakage radiation limit?

no more than 100 mRph at distance 1 mph Signup and view all the answers

What is a rotating anode?

<ul> <li>A rotating tungsten-coated molybdenum disc mounted on a copper shaft with a molybdenum core - Advantage: it spreads heat over a larger surface area</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stationary anode?

A nonmoving anode, usually found in dental and small portable radiography units Signup and view all the answers

What is Anode Heel Effect?

The angle causes the intensity of the x-ray beam to be less on the anode side Signup and view all the answers

What is a dual-focus tube?

2 filaments within 1 focus cup Signup and view all the answers

How do higher atomic numbers help?

higher x-ray absorption Signup and view all the answers

What are the cardinal rules of x-ray?

Time, Distance, Shielding (Distance is most important) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Inverse Square Law?

relationship between distance and intensity of the beam Signup and view all the answers

What does increase attenuation mean?

high density, thicker anatomic part Signup and view all the answers

What does ionizing radiation do?

X-ray has the ability to remove electrons from atoms Signup and view all the answers

How does adjusting KVP help?

wanted to alter the quality of the beam Signup and view all the answers

What does lowering the KVP do?

higher contrast Signup and view all the answers

What does heightening the KVP do?

lower the contrast Signup and view all the answers

What is a high contrast image?

has many black and white with very few shades of gray Signup and view all the answers

What does contrast mean?

differences in adjacent densities Signup and view all the answers

What do you use to change the density of an image?

Mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary controlling factor for density and increasing quantity of photons?

Mass Signup and view all the answers

What does a focusing cup do?

keep the electrons together so they can accelerate toward the anode Signup and view all the answers

What is a focusing cup made out of?

Nickel Signup and view all the answers

What is a latent image?

invisible image Signup and view all the answers

What is a manifest image?

developed image Signup and view all the answers

What is a bremsstrahlung interaction?

incident electron bends around nucleus and loses energy, creating x-ray photon Signup and view all the answers

What does thermionic emission mean?

heat is given off Signup and view all the answers

What does total filtration mean?

inherent, added filtration 2.5mm aluminum equivalent Signup and view all the answers

What is inherent filtration?

filtration within the x-ray tube between target window and collimator Signup and view all the answers

What is added filtration?

filtration outside of the tube between target window and collimator Signup and view all the answers

What is a cathode?

provides the source of electrons needed for x-ray production Signup and view all the answers

What is a cathode made of?

filaments and the focusing cup Signup and view all the answers

What is the negative end of the tube?

Cathode Signup and view all the answers

What is the line-focus principle?

By angling the face of the anode target, a large actual focal spot size can be maintained and a small effective focal spot size can be created Signup and view all the answers

Where is a filament held?

within focusing cups on the cathode side Signup and view all the answers

What is a filament made of?

tungsten with 1-2% thorium added Signup and view all the answers

Why is tungsten the best metal for the x-ray source?

high dissipation of heat rate, high melting point, and high atomic number Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number for tungsten?

74 Signup and view all the answers

What does filtration do?

reduces the release of low energy photons, made of aluminum Signup and view all the answers

What does filtration help?

lowers patients' skin dose Signup and view all the answers

What is attenuation?

reduction of intensity of beam while passing through matter from absorption or scatter Signup and view all the answers

What is an x-ray photon?

created at anode target track, or actual focal spot Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary beam?

First beam that exits the tube Signup and view all the answers

What does higher KVP mean?

higher energy, produces more compton scatter Signup and view all the answers

What is compton scatter?

dangerous for techs, degrades the image quality Signup and view all the answers

What does increasing filtration do?

reduce the amount of low energy photons and increases contrast Signup and view all the answers

What is scatter radiation?

radiation scattered or created as a result of the attenuation of the primary x-ray beam by matter Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the patient is closer to the beam?

higher intensity (4X greater) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the patient is further from the beam?

less intensity (4X less) Signup and view all the answers

What is mass responsible for?

primary controlling factor of quantity (# of photons) Signup and view all the answers

What is the KVP responsible for?

primary controlling factor of quality (Kilovoltage) Signup and view all the answers

What does a hard beam mean?

higher energy and quality beam and higher KVP Signup and view all the answers

What does a soft beam mean?

less energy and quality Signup and view all the answers

What does A.H.A.R.A stand for?

American healthcare radiology administrators Signup and view all the answers

What does A.S.R.T stand for?

American Society of Radiologic Technologists Signup and view all the answers

What does A.R.R.T stand for?

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists Signup and view all the answers

What does Photoelectric interaction interact with?

interacts with K shells in an atom and total absorption occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to only change the density on a radiographic image?

mAs Signup and view all the answers

What are fundamental qualities?

mass, length, time Signup and view all the answers

What are radiologic quantities?

dose, dose equivalent, exposure, and radioactivity Signup and view all the answers

What are derived quantities?

velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, work, and power Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Imaging Principles

Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays on November 8th, 1895.
The first X-ray taken was of Roentgen's wife's hand.

Radiation Safety and Protection

Clarence Dally was Thomas Edison's assistant and the first known fatality from radiation.
Cardinal Rules of Radiation Protection: Time, Distance, Shielding (with distance being the most crucial).
ALARA: As Low As Reasonably Achievable, emphasizing radiation exposure minimization.

Radiation Fundamentals

Fundamental Quantities: Mass, Length, Time.
Derived Quantities: Includes Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Momentum, Work, and Power.
Radiologic Quantities: Dose, Dose Equivalent, Exposure, and Radioactivity.
Coulomb/kilogram measures ionization in air exposure.

Radiation Dosage Units

Gray: Unit for radiation absorption.
Sievert: Measures occupational exposure or dose equivalent.
Becquerel: Measures radioactivity.

Radiographic Equipment

Radiographic equipment types: Mobile or permanently installed.
Tube Stand/Tube Mount: Provides mobility to the X-ray tube.
Radiographic Table: Features a 4-way floating top with electromagnetic locks for height adjustment.
Wall Unit: Allows adjustable height for upright examinations, equipped with vertical Bucky assembly.
Control Panel: Used to select Kilovoltage and milliamperage for X-ray production.

Radiation Protection Tools

Tools for radiation protection include limiting exposure fields, controlling kilovoltage, avoiding duplicate exams, screening for pregnancy, and ensuring accurate imaging the first time.
AEC stands for Automatic Exposure Control.
SID means Source Image Distance.
ORP stands for Optimization for Radiation Protection.

Image Formation Concepts

Compensating Filtration: Balances uneven anatomy, thicker part placed over denser areas.
Differential Absorption: Varies based on anatomy, crucial for image formation.

X-ray Tube Components

Protective Housing: Lined with lead to prevent leakage radiation; limits set at no more than 100 mR/h at 1 m distance.
Anode Types:
- Rotating Anode: Spreads heat over a larger area (tungsten-coated molybdenum disc).
- Stationary Anode: Found in dental and portable units; prone to heat damage.
Anode Heel Effect: Beam intensity is higher on the cathode side due to absorption in the anode.

X-ray Production Factors

Higher Atomic Numbers: Increase X-ray absorption; bone absorbs more than air.
Inverse Square Law: Describes the relationship between distance and beam intensity.
Attenuation: Reduction of beam intensity through matter due to absorption or scatter.

Image Quality Control

KVP (Kilovoltage Peak): Controls the quality (energy) of the beam; altering KVP changes image contrast.
Higher KVP: Increases energy and Compton scatter, potentially degrading image quality.
Mass: The primary controlling factor for density and photon quantity in an image.
Contrast: Refers to differences in adjacent densities.

X-ray Components and Interactions

Focusing Cup: Maintains electron cohesion towards the anode.
Filament: Made of tungsten; generates electrons through thermionic emission.
X-ray photons created at the anode target; primary beam exits the tube first.
Photoelectric Interaction: Involves K-shell electrons leading to total absorption of the X-ray photon.

Key Organizations in Radiology

ASRT: American Society of Radiologic Technologists.
ARRT: American Registry of Radiologic Technologists, governs ethical practices in radiography.

Miscellaneous Concepts

High-contrast images feature strong differences between black and white; commonly seen in chest X-rays.
Soft and Hard Beams: Soft beams have lower energy while hard beams possess higher energy and intensity.
Latent Image: An invisible image that becomes visible once processed into a manifest image.
Filtration: Reduces low-energy photons, lowering patient skin dose and increasing image quality.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards based on RTE 115, an introduction to imaging principles. Learn about key figures like Wilhelm Roentgen and historical milestones in the field of radiology. Perfect for students preparing for exams in imaging technology.