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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum time cells and casts can survive at room temperature before they begin to disintegrate?
What is the maximum time cells and casts can survive at room temperature before they begin to disintegrate?
Which type of cell is indicative of contamination when seen in microscopic examination?
Which type of cell is indicative of contamination when seen in microscopic examination?
Which cast is classified as normally not seen in microscopic examination?
Which cast is classified as normally not seen in microscopic examination?
What type of microscopy is mentioned as part of microscopic examination?
What type of microscopy is mentioned as part of microscopic examination?
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What is the typical appearance of red blood cells (RBCs) in a normal microscopic examination?
What is the typical appearance of red blood cells (RBCs) in a normal microscopic examination?
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Which type of urine specimen is preferred for protein analysis?
Which type of urine specimen is preferred for protein analysis?
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What is the recommended analysis time for urine specimens if not processed immediately?
What is the recommended analysis time for urine specimens if not processed immediately?
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What component can cause urine to appear cloudy under normal circumstances?
What component can cause urine to appear cloudy under normal circumstances?
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What urine volume is considered normal for a 24-hour collection?
What urine volume is considered normal for a 24-hour collection?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic considered in the physical examination of urine?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic considered in the physical examination of urine?
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What is the normal appearance of fresh urine regarding transparency?
What is the normal appearance of fresh urine regarding transparency?
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Which odour indicates normal urine composition?
Which odour indicates normal urine composition?
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Which condition is indicated by a smoky appearance in urine?
Which condition is indicated by a smoky appearance in urine?
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What is the primary component of urine?
What is the primary component of urine?
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Which substance is NOT a common waste product found in urine?
Which substance is NOT a common waste product found in urine?
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What factor does NOT influence the constituents of urine?
What factor does NOT influence the constituents of urine?
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What is the first step in the basic urine analysis process?
What is the first step in the basic urine analysis process?
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What does a routine urinalysis primarily help identify?
What does a routine urinalysis primarily help identify?
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Which of the following is considered a microscopic examination in urine analysis?
Which of the following is considered a microscopic examination in urine analysis?
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What percentage of urine is composed of dissolved solids?
What percentage of urine is composed of dissolved solids?
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Which of the following ions is typically found in urine?
Which of the following ions is typically found in urine?
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What causes the fruity odor in urine?
What causes the fruity odor in urine?
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What is the optimal volume of urine sample for accurate analysis?
What is the optimal volume of urine sample for accurate analysis?
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What range indicates normal urine pH?
What range indicates normal urine pH?
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What happens to urine pH when urine stands for a period of time?
What happens to urine pH when urine stands for a period of time?
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What does higher specific gravity in urine indicate?
What does higher specific gravity in urine indicate?
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What is a potential reason for altered urine pH levels?
What is a potential reason for altered urine pH levels?
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What reaction is used to detect uric acid in urine?
What reaction is used to detect uric acid in urine?
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Which of the following statements about urine samples is accurate?
Which of the following statements about urine samples is accurate?
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Study Notes
Routine Urine Analysis
- Urine is an ultrafiltrate of plasma, lacking glucose, amino acids, water, and substances essential for body metabolism.
- Urine carries waste products and excess water out of the body.
- Urine is composed of 96% water and 4% dissolved solids.
- Dissolved solids include 2% urea and 2% other compounds (inorganic and organic).
- Inorganic compounds include Cl⁻, Na⁺, K⁺, trace amounts of sulfate, HCO₃⁻, etc.
- Organic compounds include creatinine, uric acid, and trace amounts of sulfate, HCO₃⁻, etc.
Urine Formation
- Urine tests check different components of urine, a waste product from the kidneys.
- The kidneys filter waste from blood, including minerals, fluids, and other substances.
- Diet, activity level, kidney function all affect urine composition.
- Urine analysis helps identify health issues or problems.
Factors Affecting Urine Constituents
- Dietary intake
- Physical activity levels
- Body metabolism
- Endocrine function
- Other factors
Urine Analysis: Routine Urinalysis (Routine-UA)
- It is a group of tests used for physical examination.
- It involves macroscopic analysis (physical characteristics, chemical analysis) and microscopic analysis (urine sediment, identifying components of urinary sediments).
- First, physical characteristics of urine are noted and recorded.
- Second, a series of chemical tests is performed.
- Third, the urine sediment is examined under a microscope to identify the components.
Urine Collection
- Type of specimen and collection procedure depend on the required tests.
- Common types include first morning, random, fractional, and timed specimens.
- Urine composition and concentration change throughout the 24-hour period and varies with water intake and physical activity.
Time of Aanalysis
- Must be analyzed within 1 hour at room temperature or within 8 hours (2°-8°C).
- Delays in analysis can lead to changes in the urine composition.
- Samples should be collected in clean containers.
- Microscopic examination requires fresh urine.
Physical Characteristics/Urine Color and Your Health
- Direct visual observation.
- Normal fresh urine: Pale or dark yellow-amber, clear, volume 750-2000 ml/24hr.
- Physical examination includes color, transparency, odour, volume, pH, and specific gravity.
- Urine color can indicate hydration status.
Transparency
- Normal urine is clear.
- Cloudiness can be due to crystals, epithelial cells, bacteria, mucus etc.
Odor
- Urine has little diagnostic significance.
- Normal odour: aromatic.
- Changes in odour can signify certain conditions (e.g., ammonia odour, fruity odour in diabetes).
Volume
- Normal urine volume: 1000-2000 ml/day.
- Night urine output typically < 400 ml.
- factors influencing volume include fluid intake, proteins, salt intake, exercise, sweating.
pH
- Measures acidity or alkalinity of urine.
- Normal pH: 4.5-8.
- Increased acidity can be due to diabetes or medications.
- Urine becomes alkaline on standing due to ammonia liberation from urea decomposition
Specific Gravity (SG)
- Measures the amount of dissolved substances in urine.
- Indicates kidney's ability to adjust water content in urine.
- Higher SG denotes higher concentration of dissolved solids.
- Drinking more fluids results in diluted urine with lower SG.
Normal Chemical Constituents of Urine
- Organic: urea, uric acid, creatinine
- Inorganic: Cl⁻, PO₄⁻³, HCO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, SO₄⁻²
- Methods for determining constituents (e.g., urea, uric acid, and creatinine).
- Modern dipstick methods provide quick analysis of chemical constituents.
Microscopic Examination
- Preservation: Cells and casts begin to degrade after 1-3 hours at room temperature; refrigeration is vital to preserve cells for up to 48 hours.
- Concentration: Specimen concentration is often performed by centrifugation to increase cellular visibility.
- Microscopy: Phase-contrast microscopy or other methods may be used to examine the sediment for cells, casts, crystals, bacteria, etc.
- Types of cells seen include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and epithelial cells.
Microscopic Examination: Types of Cells
- Erythrocytes: >10 per high-power field (HPF) may indicate abnormality.
- Leukocytes: >1 per 3 HPF frequently signify infection, inflammation, and other related pathological conditions.
- Epithelial cells: The presence of contaminated cells, such as squamous cells, is evident through microscopic examination.
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of routine urine analysis, including its composition and the urine formation process. It also addresses various factors that influence urine constituents and their implications for health. Test your understanding of kidney function and urine properties.
