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Questions and Answers
Drugs are classified based on their pharmacotherapeutic actions, pharmacological actions, molecular actions, and chemical nature.
True
Receptors are only located in cell membranes and do not interact with intracellular ligands.
False
Agonists are ligands that bind but do not activate receptors.
False
There are five main types of receptors that include receptors directly linked to ion channels.
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Most drugs produce their effects by interacting with specific protein receptors.
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Receptors are classified as agonists or antagonists depending on their interaction with drugs.
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Potency refers to the volume of a drug needed to elicit a response.
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Pharmacodynamics deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body.
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Topical application of drugs offers advantages such as higher concentration in the target tissue and fewer side effects.
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Pharmacology is the study of the actions, mechanisms, uses, and adverse effects of drugs.
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All drugs can be divided into two groups: medicinal drugs and nonmedicinal (social) drugs.
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Cannabis, heroin, and cocaine are examples of medicinal drugs.
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Nicotine and alcohol are considered nonmedicinal (social) drugs.
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Enteral administration is the most predictable way of drug administration due to potential metabolism in the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
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Rectal administration is consistent and reliable for drug delivery.
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Sublingual and buccal administration can be used to avoid first-pass metabolism for drugs with a disagreeable taste.
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Parenteral administration involves the administration of drugs through the gut.
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Insulin, a protein drug, can be administered orally due to its stability in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Intravenous injection allows for slow drug distribution in small volumes.
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Enteral administration is the most predictable route for drug administration.
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Parenteral administration is important for drugs that do not require continuous infusion.
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Rectal administration bypasses the liver metabolism and gastrointestinal tract.
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Parenteral administration is the most direct route for drug delivery.
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Parenteral administration can be used for drugs that cannot be administered orally due to stability, inactivation, or uncertain absorption.
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Parenteral administration is important for drugs that damage tissues.
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Parenteral routes of administration include subcutaneous, intramuscular, epidural, and intrathecal injections, as well as transdermal patches.
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Transdermal patches are the most direct way of drug administration, allowing the drug to enter the bloodstream directly and bypass absorption barriers.
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Bioavailability considers both absorption and metabolism and describes the proportion of the drug that enters the systemic circulation.
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Bioavailability is always 100% after oral administration.
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Drug absorption is affected by physiochemical and physiological factors.
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Cell membranes are composed of lipid bilayers, and absorption is usually proportional to the lipid solubility of the drug.
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Small molecular size favors drug absorption.
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Most drugs are able to diffuse across membranes in their uncharged state.
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The pH of the environment and the pKa value of the drug are not important in determining the fraction in the unionized form that is able to diffuse across cell membranes.
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The pH of the environment is important for drug absorption, especially for weak bases, weak acids, or amphoteric drugs.
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Most drugs are not affected by the physiochemical and physiological factors in their absorption process.
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Drug absorption will be 100% after intravenous injection and will not depend on the physiochemical characterizations of the drug or the individual.
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Study Notes
- Enteral administration is the least predictable way of drug administration due to potential metabolism in the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
- Drugs must cross several barriers, and some may not be suitable for oral administration due to their physicochemical properties.
- Sublingual and buccal administration can be used to avoid first-pass metabolism and is useful for drugs with a nondisagreeable taste or for drugs that are unstable or inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Rectal administration, such as suppositories, also reduces first-pass metabolism but is inconsistent.
- Parenteral administration is the administration of drugs in a manner that avoids the gut.
- Insulin, a protein drug, is destroyed by the stomach acidity and digestive enzymes and must be injected subcutaneously instead.
- Intravenous injection is a direct route of administration that bypasses absorption barriers and allows for rapid drug distribution in large volumes.
- Parenteral administration is important for drugs that must be given continuously by infusion or for drugs that damage tissues.
- Enteral administration is the least predictable route due to potential metabolism in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, but it can be used for certain drugs when appropriate.
- Parenteral administration is the most direct route, allowing drugs to enter the bloodstream directly, bypass absorption barriers, and act rapidly.
- Parenteral administration can be used for drugs that cannot be administered orally due to stability, inactivation, or uncertain absorption.
- Parenteral administration is important for drugs that require continuous infusion or for drugs that damage tissues.
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Description
Test your knowledge of different routes of drug administration with this quiz. Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of topical medication, inhaled medication, and enteral medication.
