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Pharmacology is the study of the actions, mechanisms, uses and adverse effects of drugs.
Pharmacology is the study of the actions, mechanisms, uses and adverse effects of drugs.
True
All drugs can be categorized as either medicinal or nonmedicinal (social) drugs.
All drugs can be categorized as either medicinal or nonmedicinal (social) drugs.
True
Cannabis, heroin, and cocaine are examples of medicinal drugs.
Cannabis, heroin, and cocaine are examples of medicinal drugs.
False
Nicotine and alcohol are considered nonmedicinal (social) drugs.
Nicotine and alcohol are considered nonmedicinal (social) drugs.
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Subcutaneous injections involve injecting the drug into the muscle tissue below the skin.
Subcutaneous injections involve injecting the drug into the muscle tissue below the skin.
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Intramuscular injections deliver the drug into the muscle tissue.
Intramuscular injections deliver the drug into the muscle tissue.
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Epidural injections are a type of injection that is administered directly into the bloodstream.
Epidural injections are a type of injection that is administered directly into the bloodstream.
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Intrathecal injections involve delivering the drug into the space around the spinal cord.
Intrathecal injections involve delivering the drug into the space around the spinal cord.
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Transdermal patches provide a direct way to administer drugs into the bloodstream.
Transdermal patches provide a direct way to administer drugs into the bloodstream.
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Bioavailability considers only absorption and not metabolism.
Bioavailability considers only absorption and not metabolism.
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Drug absorption is affected by both physiochemical and physiological factors.
Drug absorption is affected by both physiochemical and physiological factors.
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Cell membranes are composed of protein bilayers.
Cell membranes are composed of protein bilayers.
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Lipid solubility of a drug does not influence its absorption.
Lipid solubility of a drug does not influence its absorption.
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Small molecular size favors drug absorption.
Small molecular size favors drug absorption.
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Most drugs are unable to diffuse across membranes in their uncharged state.
Most drugs are unable to diffuse across membranes in their uncharged state.
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The pH of the environment and the pKa value of the drug are not important in determining the fraction in the unionized form that is in solution and able to diffuse across cell membranes.
The pH of the environment and the pKa value of the drug are not important in determining the fraction in the unionized form that is in solution and able to diffuse across cell membranes.
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Enteral administration refers to drugs reaching their target through the gut, which is the least predictable route due to potential metabolism, absorption barriers, and food interaction
Enteral administration refers to drugs reaching their target through the gut, which is the least predictable route due to potential metabolism, absorption barriers, and food interaction
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Drugs may need to cross several barriers depending on their chemical and physical properties, making oral administration the most common choice unless otherwise necessary
Drugs may need to cross several barriers depending on their chemical and physical properties, making oral administration the most common choice unless otherwise necessary
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Sublingual (under the tongue) and buccal (in the cheek) drug administration avoids the liver's first-pass metabolism, useful for drugs subject to high degrees of metabolism or with unpleasant tastes
Sublingual (under the tongue) and buccal (in the cheek) drug administration avoids the liver's first-pass metabolism, useful for drugs subject to high degrees of metabolism or with unpleasant tastes
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Rectal administration (in the form of suppositories) also reduces first-pass metabolism by the liver due to less venous return from the lower gastrointestinal tract
Rectal administration (in the form of suppositories) also reduces first-pass metabolism by the liver due to less venous return from the lower gastrointestinal tract
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Parenteral administration avoids the gut, making it the most direct route and bypassing absorption barriers; insulin, for instance, must be injected due to destruction in the stomach
Parenteral administration avoids the gut, making it the most direct route and bypassing absorption barriers; insulin, for instance, must be injected due to destruction in the stomach
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Intravenous injection is another form of parenteral administration that has several advantages, such as rapid drug distribution, avoiding absorption barriers, and suitable for drugs that require continuous infusion or damage tissues
Intravenous injection is another form of parenteral administration that has several advantages, such as rapid drug distribution, avoiding absorption barriers, and suitable for drugs that require continuous infusion or damage tissues
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Subcutaneous injection is a form of parenteral administration that is commonly used for insulin and other medications
Subcutaneous injection is a form of parenteral administration that is commonly used for insulin and other medications
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Intramuscular injection is a type of enteral administration that allows for slow and sustained release of the drug
Intramuscular injection is a type of enteral administration that allows for slow and sustained release of the drug
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Oral administration is the most predictable route for drug delivery due to consistent metabolism and absorption
Oral administration is the most predictable route for drug delivery due to consistent metabolism and absorption
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Intrathecal administration involves injecting drugs into the space between the meninges and the spinal cord for direct delivery to the central nervous system
Intrathecal administration involves injecting drugs into the space between the meninges and the spinal cord for direct delivery to the central nervous system
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Topical administration is suitable for drugs that need systemic distribution and rapid onset of action
Topical administration is suitable for drugs that need systemic distribution and rapid onset of action
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Transdermal administration allows for controlled and sustained release of drugs through the skin into the bloodstream
Transdermal administration allows for controlled and sustained release of drugs through the skin into the bloodstream
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Receptors respond to ligands by activating and producing a response, and antagonists effectively dilute or remove agonist activity from the system.
Receptors respond to ligands by activating and producing a response, and antagonists effectively dilute or remove agonist activity from the system.
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There are five main types of receptors, including those directly linked to ion channels, G-protein–linked receptors, tyrosine kinase–linked receptors, DNA–linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.
There are five main types of receptors, including those directly linked to ion channels, G-protein–linked receptors, tyrosine kinase–linked receptors, DNA–linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.
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Pharmacology focuses on the interaction between drugs and receptors in the body, and drugs can only act as either agonists or antagonists.
Pharmacology focuses on the interaction between drugs and receptors in the body, and drugs can only act as either agonists or antagonists.
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Potency refers to the concentration of a drug required to elicit a response, and pharmacology consists of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
Potency refers to the concentration of a drug required to elicit a response, and pharmacology consists of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
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The drug administration route does not influence its effectiveness, and topical administration does not provide advantages such as high concentration in the target tissue and fewer side effects due to less systemic absorption.
The drug administration route does not influence its effectiveness, and topical administration does not provide advantages such as high concentration in the target tissue and fewer side effects due to less systemic absorption.
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Drugs can have multiple names and belong to various classes based on their pharmacotherapeutic, pharmacological, and molecular actions, as well as chemical nature.
Drugs can have multiple names and belong to various classes based on their pharmacotherapeutic, pharmacological, and molecular actions, as well as chemical nature.
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Receptors are only located in cell membranes and do not bind to endogenous ligands, including synaptic transmitter substances and hormones.
Receptors are only located in cell membranes and do not bind to endogenous ligands, including synaptic transmitter substances and hormones.
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Agonists are substances that associate with receptors but do not activate a response, while antagonists produce a response when binding to receptors.
Agonists are substances that associate with receptors but do not activate a response, while antagonists produce a response when binding to receptors.
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G-protein–linked receptors are not one of the four main types of receptors.
G-protein–linked receptors are not one of the four main types of receptors.
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Pharmacodynamics focuses on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, while pharmacokinetics focuses on drug response.
Pharmacodynamics focuses on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, while pharmacokinetics focuses on drug response.
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Local mediators, like histamine, are not considered endogenous ligands that bind to receptors.
Local mediators, like histamine, are not considered endogenous ligands that bind to receptors.
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Systemic absorption has no impact on the side effects of drug administration.
Systemic absorption has no impact on the side effects of drug administration.
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Study Notes
- Drugs can have multiple names and belong to various classes based on their pharmacotherapeutic, pharmacological, and molecular actions, as well as chemical nature.
- Receptors are protein molecules located in cell membranes or intracellularly that bind to endogenous ligands, including synaptic transmitter substances (like acetylcholine and noradrenaline) and hormones (endocrine, like insulin, and local mediators, like histamine).
- Receptors respond to ligands by activating and producing a response (agonists) or associating but not activating (antagonists), effectively diluting or removing agonist activity from the system.
- Four main types of receptors include those directly linked to ion channels, G-protein–linked receptors, tyrosine kinase–linked receptors, and DNA–linked receptors.
- Pharmacology focuses on the interaction between drugs and receptors in the body. Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists.
- Potency refers to the concentration of a drug required to elicit a response, with pharmacology consisting of pharmacodynamics (drug response) and pharmacokinetics (drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion).
- The drug administration route influences its effectiveness, with topical administration providing advantages such as high concentration in the target tissue and fewer side effects due to less systemic absorption.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the different routes of drug administration with this quiz. Learn about topical, enteral, and inhalation administration, and understand their advantages and disadvantages.
