Natural Law: Partie 2 - Chapitre 2 (Rousseau vs Hobbes: State of Nature)

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Questions and Answers

What is the fundamental principle of natural law, as recognized by Rousseau and Hobbes?

The protection of property

Self-preservation (correct)

The promotion of social justice

The pursuit of happiness

What is the pre-reflective virtue that moderates self-love, according to Rousseau?

Empathy

Pity (correct)

Reason

Self-interest

What is Rousseau's view on the state of nature compared to Hobbes?

It is inherently hostile, like Hobbes

It is a necessary evil

It is not inherently hostile, unlike Hobbes (correct)

It is peaceful and moderate, unlike Hobbes

What is the main critique of reason in Rousseau's philosophy?

It is the source of human suffering Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of human decay, according to Rousseau?

The emergence of property Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of societal progress and the development of reason, according to Rousseau?

Human misery and suffering Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Rousseau's and Hobbes' views on society?

Rousseau believes society is a corrupting influence, while Hobbes does not Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of inequality, according to Rousseau?

The establishment of property Signup and view all the answers

According to Rousseau, what is the primary focus of natural law?

The immediate instincts of human nature Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in understanding natural law, according to Rousseau?

The ignorance of man's nature Signup and view all the answers

How does Rousseau describe the natural man?

A primitive being guided by basic needs and instincts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of Rousseau's critique of natural law theories?

To challenge the Roman and modern conceptions of natural law Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of inequality among men, according to Rousseau?

The evolution of the human species Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of projecting civilized behaviors onto the concept of the state of nature?

A failure to define a state of nature Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the state of nature, according to Rousseau?

A state of peaceful simplicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between natural law and human nature, according to Rousseau?

Natural law must resonate with the immediate instincts of human nature Signup and view all the answers

What is Rousseau's perspective on the state of nature in his Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men?

It is a positive and felicitous state Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle of natural law mentioned in Rousseau's Du contrat social?

Self-preservation only Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reason in Rousseau's Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men?

Reason is the source of all evils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of the civil state according to Rousseau's Du contrat social?

It transforms humans into intelligent and moral beings Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of natural law according to Rousseau's Du contrat social?

It is attributed to God Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the absence of a natural sanction in Rousseau's Du contrat social?

Natural laws are useless Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of inequality among men according to Rousseau's Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men?

The development of reason and language Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mercy in Rousseau's Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men?

It is a primary principle of natural law Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Rousseau's View on Human Nature and Society

Rousseau agrees with Hobbes on the equality of capacities in the state of nature and the fundamental principle of self-preservation as the basis of natural law.
However, Rousseau diverges from Hobbes by asserting that the state of nature is not inherently hostile, and introduces the concept of pity, a pre-reflective virtue that moderates self-love and contributes to the preservation of the species.

Critique of Natural Law Theories

Rousseau challenges traditional natural law theories by arguing that societal complexities have corrupted human nature, leading to conflict and misery that were absent in the state of nature.
He critiques the notion of reason itself as the source of human suffering, and suggests that societal progress has led to human misery.
Rousseau rejects the idea that natural law pertains solely to rational beings and argues for a simpler, more intuitive understanding accessible to all.

The Origin of Inequality

Rousseau attributes the origin of inequality to the development of property and the emergence of the state as a means for the rich to protect their property.
He suggests that societal complexities have led to human decay, and that the concept of property is a key factor in this process.

The State of Nature and Natural Law

Rousseau describes the state of nature as a peaceful and simple existence, devoid of the vices and virtues that arise from societal interaction.
He emphasizes the need to understand the natural man, a primitive being whose simplicity is unmarred by the complexities of society.
Rousseau argues that natural law must resonate with the immediate instincts of human nature and speak directly through the voice of nature itself.

Development of Rousseau's Conception

Rousseau's views on human nature and society evolve over time, with a significant shift in his perspective between his Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men and Du contrat social.
In his later work, Rousseau presents the state of nature as a negative state, and argues that the civil state is necessary for human happiness and development.
He also shifts his focus from the concept of pity to the concept of self-preservation, and attributes natural law to God and natural justice.

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Description

Compare and contrast the philosophical views of Rousseau and Hobbes on the state of nature, self-preservation, and natural law. Learn about their differing perspectives on human nature and society.