Rotavirus Infection in Swine

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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of Rotavirus that allows it to remain stable and infective in the environment for months?

Intrinsically resistant to all disinfectants

Single-layered capsid

Enveloped DNA virus with a single-layered capsid

Nonenveloped RNA virus with a double-layered capsid (correct)

What is the most prevalent serogroup of Rotavirus in swine?

Type E

Type C

Type B

Type A (correct)

What is the consequence of Rotavirus infection on villous enterocytes?

Infection and destruction of villous enterocytes (correct)

Hyperplasia of villous enterocytes

Apoptosis of villous enterocytes

Inflammation of villous enterocytes

What is the purpose of administering acidifiers and antibiotics in the treatment of Rotavirus infection?

To control secondary bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of prevention of Rotavirus infection among neonatal piglets?

Ingestion of lactogenic virus neutralizing antibody from the sow Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic test that can confirm Rotavirus infection and detect serogroup A?

ELISA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between TGEv and PEDv?

PEDv is more environmentally resistant than TGEv Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant economic loss associated with TGEv and PEDv outbreaks?

Reduced average daily gain and market weights Signup and view all the answers

How can prior exposure to PRCV affect TGEv diagnosis?

It can cause false-positive antibody test results Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of transmission of PEDv within a herd?

Horizontal transmission through contact with infected feces and tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical prepatent period for Isospora suis?

5 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing the severity of disease in porcine coccidiosis?

Age at infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature of the two diseases, coccidiosis and swine dysentery, in terms of their lesions?

Necrosis and pseudomembrane formation in the affected parts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery?

It survives for a short period in manure and pits Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means of disease transmission for swine dysentery?

Vector transmission by rodents, particularly mice Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Escherichia coli diarrhea in pigs?

Alkaline pH of intestinal contents Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for neonatal diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli in pigs?

0-7 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effective method for preventing coccidiosis in pigs?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of genotyping in diagnosing ETEC?

To identify the prevalent genotype(s) causing diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the administration of antibiotics in the treatment of ETEC?

To combat secondary infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of Clostridium perfringens Type A (CpA) diarrhea?

Expression of α and β2 toxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of culturing large numbers of gram-positive bacilli from feces or intestinal contents in diagnosing CpA?

It is suggestive of CpA but not definitive Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of vaccination against CpC?

To ensure sufficient colostral antibodies in piglets Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Clostridium difficile in piglet diarrhea?

It leads to a 10-15% reduction in wean weights Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for Lawsonia intracellularis in swine?

Fecal-oral route Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Clostridium difficile that makes it difficult to diagnose?

It is difficult to culture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of Salmonella Typhimurium to the pork industry?

Isolation of multidrug-resistant strains from swine at slaughter Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Porcine hemorrhagic enteritis (PHE) that distinguishes it from other forms of Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (PPE)?

It is associated with increased mortality and dark, bloody stools Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic tool used to confirm a diagnosis of PPE?

IHC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of prevention for PPE?

Administration of a commercially available modified-live oral vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration before initiating treatment for Salmonella infections?

Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolate Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cross-protection with S.cholerasuis vaccine on Salmonella infections?

Reduces carcass colonization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for Trichuris suis infection in pigs?

Pigs kept on pasture or in outdoor lots Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the prepatent period for Trichuris suis infection?

6-7 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of Trichuris suis infection in the intestine?

Small intestine and cecum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of Trichuris suis infection on the intestinal epithelium?

Ulcerations Signup and view all the answers

What is the most reliable method for diagnosis of Trichuris suis infection?

Adult worm detection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of treatment and control of Trichuris suis infection?

Administration of anthelmintics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means of preventing Trichuris suis infection?

Steam sanitation and drying Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Trichuris suis eggs that makes them resistant to disinfectants?

They are resistant to common disinfectants Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Rotavirus

Rotavirus is a non-enveloped RNA virus with a double-layered capsid, allowing it to remain stable and infective in the environment for months.
Four serogroups (A, B, C, and E) infect swine, with Type A being the most prevalent.
Severity of disease decreases with age, and it is self-limiting.
The virus infects and destroys villous enterocytes, leading to villous atrophy.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by PCR, electron microscopy, or ELISA (for serogroup A).
Treatment is supportive with oral rehydration solutions, and prevention is through ingestion of lactogenic virus-neutralizing antibody from the sow.

TGE (Transmissible Gastroenteritis)

TGE is caused by a coronavirus (TGEv) that is heat labile and prone to desiccation and photosensitization.
The epidemic form causes acute disease in all age groups, with high morbidity and mortality.
The severity of disease is age-dependent, but all ages will develop diarrhea.
Necropsy reveals a fluid-filled small intestine and colon, with thin intestinal walls and empty lacteals.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by TGEv/PRCV differential ELISA.
Prevention is by stimulating herd immunity through exposure to infected tissue.

PED (Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea)

PED is caused by a coronavirus (PEDv) that is more environmentally resistant than TGEv.
The disease has a high morbidity and mortality rate, especially in naive sow herds.
Clinical signs appear within 12 hours, with watery, fetid diarrhea and vomiting.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by TGEv/PEDv differential PCR.
Prevention is by stimulating herd immunity through exposure to infected tissue and feces.

Porcine Coccidiosis

Porcine coccidiosis is caused by Isospora suis.
Age at infection rather than infectious dose has the greatest impact on severity.
Morbidity is variable, and mortality is low.
Clinical signs include pasty diarrhea, unthrifty to potbellied appearance, and below-average wean weight.
Diagnosis can be made by fecal flotation and histopathology.
Prevention is by oral administration of an anticoccidial.

Swine Dysentery

Swine dysentery is caused by a spirochete of the genus Brachyspira.
The disease is characterized by mucohemorrhagic diarrhea containing flakes of frank blood or appearing as a generalized brick red to rust color.
Lesions are observed in the spiral colon, with epithelial sloughing and mucosal invasion.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by PCR test.
Prevention is by depopulation, medicated elimination, and aggressive rodent control.

E. coli

E. coli is a gram-negative rod that infects all ages of swine.
The bacteria must express virulence factors to cause diarrhea.
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is subdivided by fimbria, toxin, and age of pig affected.
Clinical signs include profuse diarrhea, rapid dehydration, and emaciation.
Diagnosis can be made by isolation of large numbers of E. coli and histopathology.
Prevention is by passively derived lactogenic immunoglobins from vaccinated females and selection of genetically resistant breeds.

Clostridium Perfringens

Clostridium perfringens Type A (CpA) is a gram-positive bacillus.
Sows are regarded as the source of neonatal infection.
Morbidity is high, and mortality is low.
Clinical signs include diarrhea and below-average weaning weights.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by PCR and genotyping.
Prevention is by vaccination of gestating females and ensuring piglets consume sufficient colostral antibodies.

Clostridium difficile

Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive bacillus that easily sporulates.
The disease leads to a 10-15% reduction in wean weights.
Clinical signs include watery diarrhea in 1-7 day old piglets.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by volcano lesions on histologic exam and confirmation of toxins in fecal contents.
Prevention is by vaccination and administration of antibiotics.

Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (PPE)

PPE is caused by Lawsonia intracellularis.
Seroprevalence in grow-finish herds can reach 100%.
Clinical signs include diarrhea, ranging in color from normal to dark-red or black.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by histopathology and IHC.
Prevention is by administration of a commercially available modified-live oral vaccine.

Salmonellosis

Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella Typhimurium.
The disease is significant to the pork industry due to the isolation of multidrug-resistant strains.
Pathogenesis is similar to Salmonella cholerasuis.
Clinical signs include watery, yellow diarrhea containing feed particles.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by bacterial isolation and histopathology.
Prevention is by rearing pigs on slatted floors, decreasing stocking density, and acidification of digesta.

Whipworm

Whipworm infestations are caused by Trichuris suis infection.
Pigs kept on pasture, in outdoor lots, or facilities with a history of T. suis diagnosis are at greatest risk.
The prepatent period is 6-7 weeks.
Clinical signs include depressed weight gain, increased feed conversion, bloody diarrhea, ill thrift, and death.
Diagnosis can be made by finding adult worms imbedded in the ileum, cecum, or proximal colon.
Treatment and control are synonymous and require administration of an effective anthelmintic.

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Description

This quiz covers the characteristics and types of Rotavirus, a nonenveloped RNA virus that infects swine. Learn about the different serogroups and their prevalence in pigs of different ages.