4.1

A mythical story explaining the founding of Rome, where twin brothers Romulus and Remus are rescued by a she-wolf and later found their own city.

A priestess of the goddess Vesta, who were forbidden to marry and have children.

A period in Roman history ruled by kings, starting with Romulus.

The city-state of Rome's strategic location on a hilltop near the Tiber River, providing access to trade routes and commerce.

A type of political entity in ancient times, similar to ancient Greek city-states, with its own government, laws, and territory.

A type of agriculture that focuses on producing enough food for one's family and community, often using small plots of land.

The river flowing through Rome, providing access to transportation, trade, and water resources.

The story of the founding of Rome, as told by ancient Romans, which may not be entirely true but reflects beliefs and cultural values.

Ancient civilization influencing Roman culture and architecture, particularly known for their skilled artisans and metalwork.

An organized approach for understanding audio and video material, involving actively listening, taking notes, and reviewing the content.

A wise council of old men who advised the Roman kings. The word "senate" comes from the Latin word senex, meaning "old man".

The first king of Rome, according to legend. He is credited with founding the city and establishing its early government.

A type of government where power is held by elected officials, not by a monarch. Rome transitioned to a republic after overthrowing its last Etruscan king.

The two chief executives of the Roman Republic. They held the power previously held by the king, including leading the army, making laws, and judging criminals.

A powerful leader who held absolute power for a limited period, often during times of crisis. The dictator had authority similar to the ancient kings.

The second-in-command of the Roman army under a dictator. He was in charge of the cavalry (horsemen).

A group of people who ruled Rome before the rise of the Republic. They were known for their powerful kings, advanced culture, and influence on Roman art and architecture.

The last king of Rome, an Etruscan who was known for his tyranny. He was overthrown in 509 BC, marking the beginning of the Roman Republic.

Rome's transition from a monarchy to a republic was triggered by the people's desire for greater freedom and control over their government. They revolted against the Etruscan king, who they perceived as a tyrant.

The Roman Republic expanded its territory through wars and conquest. They believed that conquest brought wealth and power to the city. They took loot from defeated enemies and added new lands to their empire.

A farming method where different plant species are grown together, creating a symbiotic relationship that benefits all plants. This is often used for corn, beans, and squash, known as the Three Sisters.

A farming method where only one type of crop is grown in a large area. This can lead to soil depletion and disease.

The Three Sisters is a traditional Native American farming method that combines corn, beans, and squash. The corn provides a trellis for the beans, the beans add nitrogen to the soil, and the squash shades the ground and prevents weeds.

Ancient Rome, a powerful and influential civilization, rose to dominance in Italy through skilled military tactics and a large army. The growth of the army was fueled by a large population and the desire for wealth and power.

The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between Rome and Carthage, vying for control of the Mediterranean Sea. Each side wanted to dominate trade and exert influence on the region.

Carthage, a powerful city-state located in North Africa, challenged Rome's dominance in the Mediterranean Sea. They were skilled seafarers and had a strong navy.

The Roman Republic, a diverse society with people from different backgrounds, was a melting pot of cultures. This diversity provided a strong military force, but also led to a large population that needed land and resources.

The spoils of war are the rewards taken from a conquered enemy, often including wealth, land, and prisoners. These rewards motivated Roman soldiers to fight and contributed to the empire's expansion.

The Celts were a group of tribes that inhabited parts of Europe, including northern Italy. They were known for their warrior culture and skill in warfare.

The Illyrians were a group of people who inhabited the Balkans. This region was in the north-east of Italy, bordering Rome's territory. Illyrians were known for their skilled seafarers.