Romeo and Juliet Literary Devices

Romeo and Juliet

• A foil is a literary character that contrasts with another character to highlight their qualities.
• Tybalt is Juliet's cousin and a rival of the Montagues, while Mercutio is Romeo's friend.
• Romeo claims to love Tybalt because he has married Juliet, Tybalt's cousin, and feels a sense of unity with him through his love for Juliet.
• Dramatic irony is a literary device where the audience knows something the characters do not, often creating tension or humor.
• Word play or pun is a literary device using words with multiple meanings or sounds similar to another word to create humor or emphasize a point.
• Mercutio's death serves as a turning point for Romeo, leading him to seek revenge against Tybalt.
• A tragic hero typically has a tragic flaw that contributes to their downfall.

Character List

• Benvolio: A Montague and Romeo's friend.
• Capulet: Juliet's father and a rival of the Montagues.
• Lady Capulet: Juliet's mother.
• Lady Montague: Romeo's mother.
• Mercutio: A friend of Romeo's.
• Montague: Romeo's father and a rival of the Capulets.
• Paris: A suitor of Juliet's hand in marriage.
• Prince: The ruler of Verona, trying to keep peace between the Montagues and Capulets.
• Romeo: The protagonist, a Montague who falls in love with Juliet.
• Rosaline: The woman Romeo claims to love at the start of the play.
• Tybalt: Juliet's cousin and a rival of the Montagues.
• Friar Lawrence: A wise and understanding priest who marries Romeo and Juliet.
• Juliet: The protagonist, a Capulet who falls in love with Romeo.
• Nurse: Juliet's loyal and trusted nurse.

The Odyssey

• Eurymone: A loyal servant who fits the archetype of a loyal servant.

Cell Reproduction

• The cell cycle consists of multiple stages, including G1, S, G2, and M phases.
• During G1, the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication.
• Chromosomes can be seen during the M phase, when the cell is dividing.
• A chromosome consists of chromas and a centromere.
• Chromas are identical in a chromosome.
• Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• The daughter cells are identical to each other.
• Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• The daughter cells are genetically different from each other.
• A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes, while a haploid cell has one set.
• Mitosis produces diploid cells, while meiosis produces haploid cells.
• Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

Genetics

• The genetic code for a human male is 46,XY, while for a female it is 46,XX.
• Mendel is famous for his work on the genetics of pea plants.
• If black is dominant to white, the genotype for a homozygous black mouse is BB, for a homozygous white mouse is bb, and for a heterozygous mouse is Bb.
• A Punnett square can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype of offspring.
• An allele is a variant of a gene.
• The principle of dominance states that one allele can be dominant over another allele.
• In blood type, there are multiple alleles IA, IB, and I, which determine the type of blood.

DNA/Molecular Genetics

• A nucleotide consists of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base.
• Adenine always binds to Thymine, and Guanine always binds to Cytosine in DNA.
• DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
• DNA replication is the process of copying DNA.
• RNA has the base Uracil, which is not found in DNA.
• RNA has the sugar Ribose.
• There are three types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
• Genes are instructions to make proteins.
• Protein synthesis consists of two parts: transcription and translation.
• A mistake in DNA is called a mutation.
• mRNA codes for amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

Evolution

• The conditions necessary for natural selection are variation, heredity, differential reproduction, and adaptation.
• Homologous structures are similar structures in different species that have a common origin.
• Vestigial structures are structures that have lost their original function.
• There are three types of selection: stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection.
• Fossils are the remains of ancient organisms.

Classification

• The scientific name of dogs is Canis lupus familiaris.
• Scientific names are used to provide a universal language for naming organisms.
• The cladogram shows the relationships between organisms.
• The organism most closely related to birds is crocodiles.
• The characteristic found only in perch and flounder is the presence of gills.
• The organisms that have lungs are humans, birds, and crocodiles.
• The outgroup is the group of organisms that is most distantly related to the other organisms.

Viruses & Bacteria

• A virus consists of a protein coat and genetic material.
• The protein coat protects the genetic material, and the genetic material contains the instructions for the virus.
• Viruses are not alive because they cannot reproduce on their own.
• Vaccines can prevent viral infections.
• Antibiotics do not work on viruses.
• An example of a disease caused by a virus is the common cold.
• Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments, such as hot springs and salt lakes.
• Bacteria can be decomposers, which break down organic matter.
• Examples of diseases caused by bacteria are tuberculosis and pneumonia.
• Bacteria can be classified by their shape, such as spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral-shaped.
• Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they lack a true nucleus.

Fungi & Plants

• Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food, while heterotrophs are organisms that obtain food from other sources.
• Plants are able to live on land because of their adaptations, such as roots and a waxy cuticle.