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Questions and Answers
The "Corpus Juris Civilis" was compiled under Emperor Augustus in the 6th century AD.
The "Corpus Juris Civilis" was compiled under Emperor Augustus in the 6th century AD.
False (B)
The "Digest" in the "Corpus Juris Civilis" was a collection of imperial laws.
The "Digest" in the "Corpus Juris Civilis" was a collection of imperial laws.
False (B)
The "Rescripta" were judgements given by the Emperor in legal suits.
The "Rescripta" were judgements given by the Emperor in legal suits.
False (B)
The "Mandata" were orders issued by the Emperor in their capacity as chief magistrate.
The "Mandata" were orders issued by the Emperor in their capacity as chief magistrate.
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The "Law of the Twelve Tables" was created in the mid-5th century BC.
The "Law of the Twelve Tables" was created in the mid-5th century BC.
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The "Responsa Prudentium" referred to the opinions and advice of legal experts called jurists.
The "Responsa Prudentium" referred to the opinions and advice of legal experts called jurists.
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Under Augustus, jurists all gained the "jus respondendi" giving their opinions the full force of law.
Under Augustus, jurists all gained the "jus respondendi" giving their opinions the full force of law.
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Customary practices that were consistently followed were considered a source of law in Roman society.
Customary practices that were consistently followed were considered a source of law in Roman society.
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The Comitia Centuriata was primarily responsible for passing the Lex Hortensia.
The Comitia Centuriata was primarily responsible for passing the Lex Hortensia.
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The Senatus Consulta initially held the same legal force as passed laws.
The Senatus Consulta initially held the same legal force as passed laws.
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The praetor urbanus and praetor peregrinus were both responsible for handling cases involving foreign citizens.
The praetor urbanus and praetor peregrinus were both responsible for handling cases involving foreign citizens.
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The Concilium Plebis was an assembly of plebeians whose resolutions were initially binding only on plebeians.
The Concilium Plebis was an assembly of plebeians whose resolutions were initially binding only on plebeians.
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All Roman legal sources were categorized as either written or unwritten law.
All Roman legal sources were categorized as either written or unwritten law.
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The Edictum Perpetuum, also known as the Salvianum, was a compilation of legal edicts issued by the curule aediles.
The Edictum Perpetuum, also known as the Salvianum, was a compilation of legal edicts issued by the curule aediles.
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The senatus consultum ultimum was used to address legal disputes in times of crisis.
The senatus consultum ultimum was used to address legal disputes in times of crisis.
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The Comitia Tributa was an assembly of the people based on local divisions, similar to the Comitia Centuriata.
The Comitia Tributa was an assembly of the people based on local divisions, similar to the Comitia Centuriata.
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The Lex Romana Burgundionum was created by King Theoderic of the Ostrogoths.
The Lex Romana Burgundionum was created by King Theoderic of the Ostrogoths.
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The Corpus Juris of Justinian is the primary source of our knowledge of Roman law.
The Corpus Juris of Justinian is the primary source of our knowledge of Roman law.
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The Vatican Fragments consist of altered quotes by Roman legal experts.
The Vatican Fragments consist of altered quotes by Roman legal experts.
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The Codex Theodosianus is one of the early important sources of Roman law.
The Codex Theodosianus is one of the early important sources of Roman law.
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The Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum primarily compares civil law with Roman law.
The Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum primarily compares civil law with Roman law.
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Sententiae of Paul are writings that mix Paul’s work with later legal ideas.
Sententiae of Paul are writings that mix Paul’s work with later legal ideas.
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Gaius was a significant Roman legal expert known for his personal life details.
Gaius was a significant Roman legal expert known for his personal life details.
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The Edict of Theoderic applied exclusively to the Goths.
The Edict of Theoderic applied exclusively to the Goths.
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Study Notes
Roman Law Glossary
- Act (Lex): Law decided and enacted by the whole Roman people.
- Adrogatio: A form of adoption where a pater familias was adopted by another pater familias, resulting in significant changes to family status and property rights.
- Aediles: Magistrates responsible for the care of public buildings, markets, and public games.
- Agnatic Tie: Kinship or relation on or descended from the father's or male side.
- Cognatic Tie: Kinship or relation calculated from an ancestor or ancestors through a combination of male and female links.
- Comitia Centuriata: The Roman assembly organized by centuries, primarily based on military and wealth class.
- Comitia Curiata: The oldest Roman assembly, originally based on curiae (clan or family divisions).
- Consilium: A group of advisors consulted by Roman magistrates on legal and administrative matters.
- Consul: One of the two highest magistrates in the Roman Republic, holding significant civil and military imperium.
- Constitutiones: A general term for imperial decrees, including edicts, rescripts, and mandates.
- Corpus Juris Civilis: The body of Roman law compiled under Justinian, consisting of the Codex, Digest, and Institutes.
- Custom: Practices firmly established and recognized as having obligatory force as law.
- Decreta: Judgements given by the Emperor in law cases.
- Dictator: An extraordinary magistrate appointed in times of emergency, wielding absolute imperium.
- Edict: A public order or declaration issued by a magistrate (praetor or emperor).
- Edictum Perpetuum: A permanent edict created by Hadrian, consolidating and stabilizing praetor's edicts.
- Imperium: The power of command held by higher Roman magistrates, in military and other areas of public life.
- Institutes: An elementary textbook of Roman law, part of the Corpus Juris Civilis.
- Judex: A private citizen appointed by the praetor to hear and decide a case based on a formula.
- Jurisprudence: The science of law, encompassing analytical, historical, and critical perspectives.
Roman Law Terms (Page 2)
- Jus Civile: Roman civil law, applicable only to Roman citizens.
- Jus Gentium: Law of nations, applicable to both Roman citizens and foreigners (peregrini); designed to regulate interactions.
- Jus Honorarium: Praetorian law, developed by praetors to supplement, correct, and improve the Jus Civile.
- Jus Naturale: The concept of natural law, inherent in all living things.
- Jus Publicum: Public law, concerning Rome's constitution and organization.
- Jus Privatum: Private law, concerning relations between individuals.
- Jus Respondendi: The right to give legal opinions, granted by the Emperor to certain jurists.
- Jus Scriptum: Written law, including laws, plebiscites, senatorial decrees, imperial constitutions, edicts, and juristic answers.
- Jus Non Scriptum: Unwritten law, including customs and traditions.
- Lex Regiae: Laws attributed to the period of Roman kings.
- Libertini: Freedmen, formerly enslaved persons.
- Mandata: Instructions given by the Emperor to administrative officials.
- Manumission: The act of freeing a slave.
- Pater Familias: The male head of the Roman family, holding absolute power.
- Patria Potestas: The power of the pater familias over his family members.
- Peculium Castrense: A limited patrimony acquired by a son through military service.
- Peregrini: Non-citizens, considered friends of Rome.
- Plebian: Member of the lower social class in Rome.
- Praetor: A Roman magistrate in charge of administering justice.
- Principate: The period of the Roman Empire under Augustus, characterized by retaining the formal forms of the Republic.
- Pubertas: Puberty, the phase of individual maturity allowing marriage.
- Rescripta: The Emperor's written answers to legal questions.
Roman Law Terms (Page 3)
- Senatusconsulta: Resolutions of the Senate; later becoming a source of law.
- Servi: Slaves.
- Sui Iuris: Independent individuals, free from parental authority.
- Vir Clarissimus: Title for a highly prestigious senator.
Roman Law Terms (Page 4)
- Comitia Curiata: The early assembly, often associated with formal ceremonies, such as adrogations and wills.
- Patricians: Early Roman aristocracy.
- Plebians: Common citizens in Rome.
- Clients: Individuals who depended on protection from a patron.
- Servian Constitution: A constitutional reform by Servius Tullius focused on military organization and wealth-based citizen assemblies.
Roman Law Terms (Page 5)
- Comitia Centuriata: Assembly of the Centuries; a Roman assembly based on wealth and military function, including voting by centuries.
- Equites: Roman cavalry.
Roman Law Terms (Page 6)
- Leges Regiae: Laws enacted by Roman kings.
- Jus Civile Papirianum: A book attributed to Sextus Papirius, containing laws enacted by Roman kings.
Roman Law Terms (Page 7)
- Lex Valeria de Provocatione: A law granting appeals from capital sentences passed on citizens.
- Comitia Tributa: a people's assembly, organised according to tribes.
- Concilium Plebis: The assembly of the plebeians.
- Plebiscita: Resolutions from the Concilium Plebis; originally binding on plebeians only, but later binding on all Roman citizens.
- Senatusconsulta: Resolutions or decrees of the Senate.
Roman Law Terms (Page 8)
- Lex XII Tabularum (Twelve Tables): The first written Roman code of law.
Roman Law Terms (Page 9)
- Decemviri: Ten men appointed to write law, a brief period in Roman history.
- Comitia Centuriata: The Roman assembly based on wealth and military.
Roman Law Terms (Page 10)
- Interpretatio: The process of interpreting the Law of the Twelve Tables.
- Pontiffs: Roman high priests who controlled interpretation of early law, particularly legal process.
- Jus Flavianum: A publication related to the legal procedures in the Roman state.
- Lex Ogulnia: Law that allowed plebeians to enter the pontifical college.
- Coruncanius, Tiberius: Early Roman jurist.
- Aelius, Sextus: Roman jurist.
Roman Law Terms (Page 11)
- Praetor Urbanus: The magistrate who judged between Roman citizens.
- Praetor Peregrinus: The magistrate who judged cases involving non-Roman citizens.
- Lex Aebutia: A procedural law concerning law.
- Edictum: A pronouncement from the Praetor of the rules by which he would operate in a specific legal year.
- Edictum Tralaticium: The consistent part of a specific Edict.
- Edictum Novum: The newly added part of a specific Edict.
Roman Law Terms (Page 12)
- Exceptio Doli: Protection from trickery.
- Exceptio Pacti: Protection of agreements.
- Interdict Procedure: A temporary protection of property.
- Restitutio in Integrum: Returning to a previous legal standing.
- Missio in Possessionem: A way to transfer possession of property.
- Praetorian Stipulations: Special agreements introduced by the Praetor for specific legal cases.
Roman Law Terms (Page 13)
- Jus Honorarium (Praetorian Law): Supplementing and developing existing Roman law
- Jus Praetorium: A more general term for Praetorian Law.
- Curule Aediles: Magistrates in charge of markets and public order in Rome.
Roman Law Terms (Page 14)
- Consuls: Chief political leaders in the Republic.
- Dictator: Temporary leader with absolute power during wartime.
Roman Law Terms (Page 15)
- Praetors: Magistrates administering justice, especially in dealing with foreigners and matters not covered in existing law.
- Curule Aediles: Magistrates responsible for maintaining market order.
- Censors: Officials assessing citizens' property and status for taxation purposes and regulating public morals.
Roman Law Terms (Page 16)
- Quaestors: Magistrates assisting consuls in matters of finance.
- Cursus Honorum: The path to higher office in Roman politics, following a progression of specific political positions.
- Tribunes: Plebian officials elected to protect plebeians.
- Intercessio: The power of the tribunes to veto decisions of other magistrates or the Senate.
Roman Law Terms (Page 17)
- Constitutiones: Imperial laws and decrees.
- Decreta: Imperial rulings in specific legal cases brought before them.
- Rescripta: Imperial written responses to questions about legal matters.
- Mandata: Imperial instructions to officials.
Roman Law Terms (Page 18)
- Responsa Prudentium: ("Answers of the learned"): Legal opinions of prominent jurists that were considered authoritative.
- Jus Respondendi: Specific written permission from Emperors that allowed certain jurist's opinions to be followed (used).
- Gaius: Roman Jurist.
Roman Law Terms (Page 19)
- Diocletian: Roman Emperor who introduced reforms to divide the Empire.
- Constantine: Roman Emperor who moved the capital to Constantinople and promoted religious tolerance.
- Valentinian: Roman Emperor who divided the Empire with his brother Valens.
Roman Law Terms (Page 20)
- Theodosius I: Roman Emperor.
- Arcadius and Honorius: These were the sons of Theodosius I.
Roman Law Terms (Page 21)
- Codex Theodosianus: A comprehensive codification of Roman laws on criminal justice and other matters.
- Vatican Fragments: Important legal texts.
- Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum: Comparing Jewish and Roman law, mostly focused on criminal procedures.
- Tituli ex Corpore Ulpiani: Shortened version of Ulpian’s comprehensive work on law.
- Sententiae of Paul: Writings of Paul, with later legal ideas.
- Gaius: A Roman Jurist, remembered for writing The Institutes.
Roman Law Terms (Page 22)
- Sextus Pomponius: A Roman jurist who wrote about Roman law history.
- Enchiridion: Pomponius’ work.
- Institutes of Gaius: The primary source for Roman legal studies.
- Breviarium Alarici: Earlier legal summaries.
- Verona Palimpsest: The manuscript of Gaius’ work that was discovered in Verona, part of an earlier work.
Roman Law Terms (Page 23)
- Justice: A set and constant purpose, giving to every individual their due.
- Jurisprudence: Knowledge of divine and human things and the science of what is just and unjust.
- Jus Naturale: Natural Law; external standards of law, independent of written rules.
- Jus Gentium: Law of Nations; common law applying to all peoples.
- Jus Civile: Roman civil law.
Roman Law Terms (Page 24)
- Jus Naturale (Natural Law): The law that nature has taught all living beings.
- Jus Gentium (Law of Nations): Common law among various peoples, including contracts and trade.
- Jus Civile (Civil Law): Unique laws specific to Roman Citizens.
Roman Law Terms (Page 25)
- Jus Civile: A broader meaning encompasses the entirety of the Roman legal system.
- Jus Gentium: Refers to a set of laws applicable to non-Romans.
- Jus Honorarium: A legal system developed to address issues not covered by existing Roman law, introduced by praetors.
Roman Law Terms (Page 26)
- Jus Naturale (Natural Law): A broader concept reflecting natural justice and equity, rather than a set of codified rules.
- Jus Gentium (Law of Nations): A more practical set of rules than Jus Naturale, regulating relations between citizens of Rome and non-citizens.
Roman Law Terms (Page 27)
- Jus Scriptum: Written law; covering statutes, imperial decrees, and other written legal pronouncements.
- Jus Non Scriptum: Unwritten law; encompassing customary practices and traditions.
Roman Law Terms (Page 28)
- Leges (Acts): Laws passed by popular assemblies (like Comitia Centuriata).
- Comitia Centuriata: The main assembly of the Roman Republic; based on military and wealth groups.
- Comitia Tributa: Roman assembly based on tribes or citizen groups.
- Concilium Plebis: An assembly for plebeians (common people); its resolutions became binding under the Lex Hortensia.
- Senatus Consulta: Decisions of the Senate; eventually gained legal force.
- Magistratuum Edicta (Edicts of Magistrates): Declarations by magistrates outlining procedures for dealing with legal matters.
- Emperor Hadrian: Roman Emperor who made the Edictum Perpetuum.
- Emperor Justinian: Roman Emperor who codified Roman law into the Corpus Juris Civilis.
- Corpus Juris Civilis: A comprehensive compilation of Roman law.
- Digest (or Pandects): A summary of classical jurists' writings.
- Code: Collection of imperial laws.
- Institutes: Legal textbook for students.
- Novellae: New laws.
Roman Law Terms (Page 29)
- Consuetudo: Custom; a source of law.
- Responsa Prudentium: Opinions of learned jurists; a source of legally binding interpretations.
Roman Law Terms (Page 30)
- Praetor Urbanus: Magistrate dealing with disputes between Roman citizens.
- Praetor Peregrinus: Magistrate dealing with disputes between non-Roman citizens.
- Imperium: Power of command held by magistrates.
- Edictum Tralaticium (Handed-down Edict): Part of the praetor's edict that remained unchanged.
- Edictum Novum (New Edict): Part of the praetor's edict that contained new rules annually.
Roman Law Terms (Page 31)
- Jus Honorarium (Praetorian Law): Supplemented and updated Jus Civile (Roman civil law).
- Exceptio: Legal arguments used by specific parties in a case to protect them from unfair procedures or claims by others; in essence, exceptions to contracts.
- Interdict: A temporary order to restrain an action.
- Restitutio in Integrum: A legal remedy restoring someone to their previous legal standing after unfair treatment.
- Missio in Possessionem: A temporary transfer of land or property possession.
- Praetorian Stipulations: A form of agreement that developed through the Praetor's influence
- Edictum Perpetuum: A consolidated and permanent version of the Praetor's annual edict, codified by Emperor Hadrian.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Roman law and legal structures. This quiz explores key components like the Corpus Juris Civilis, the Law of the Twelve Tables, and the roles of various legal authorities in ancient Rome. Challenge yourself on the intricacies of Roman legal practices and their lasting influence.
