Roman Architecture and Arts - I

A large oval-shaped amphitheater built in Rome in 72 AD, with a capacity of 50,000 people, used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles.

A Roman building complex designed for bathing, relaxation, and social interaction, often featuring elaborate furnaces, service rooms, and libraries.

An architectural feature commonly used in Roman architecture consisting of a curved structure that spans an opening. Designed to support weight and create a grand entrance.

A triumphal arch built in Rome in 81 AD to commemorate the victory of Emperor Titus over the Jewish rebellion. It features a single archway.

Unlike Greek theaters, which were built on natural slopes, Roman theaters were supported by a self-contained framework of piers and vaults, allowing them to be constructed in urban environments.

A structural element that uses compression to provide strength, commonly found in Roman architecture.

A curved ceiling formed by extending a round arch across a space.

A vaulted ceiling formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults, creating a strong and complex structure.

A hemispherical structure that provides strength and a visually striking feature in Roman architecture.

The Romans adapted the Greek Doric Order, simplifying it with unfluted columns and a plain base, making it sturdier and less ornate.

A Roman order combining features from both the Ionic and Corinthian orders, creating a highly ornamented column.

Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture of lime mortar, sand, stone rubble, pozzolana, water, and stones. This material allowed Romans to build large structures with great strength and resilience.

A triangular framework that uses tension and compression to distribute weight over a large span, a key innovation in Roman architecture that enabled them to create larger structures.

A large, rectangular public building in ancient Roman cities, typically located in the forum, used for business transactions, legal proceedings, and sometimes adapted into churches by Christians.

A large, open space in ancient Roman cities, serving as the center of civic life and used for markets, gatherings, and political discussions.

A type of ancient Roman temple characterized by its rectangular shape, featuring a raised platform accessed by steps and adorned with columns, often of the Corinthian style.

A type of ancient Roman temple constructed with a circular floor plan, typically featuring a dome and a central opening, like the Pantheon in Rome.

A high window positioned above the main floor of a building, allowing natural light into the interior, often seen in basilicas and cathedrals.

The Basilica Ulpia, a massive hall built by Trajan, featuring a central nave with colonnaded aisles, two niches for jurists, and a wooden ceiling.

A type of early Christian meeting place that evolved from private homes. These were often modest in size and served as spaces for worship and burials.

A house in Dura-Europos, Syria, converted into a Christian meeting space around AD 232. It demonstrates the earliest known example of a house church.

Underground burial places, often found in Syria, Alexandria, and North Africa, used by early Christians to bury their dead. Catacombs were built as networks of tunnels with brick walls.

A type of early Christian church that originated from Roman secular basilicas. These churches were spacious and designed to accommodate large gatherings.

A semi-circular area at the end of a basilica, typically housing the altar. It's visually distinct from the main rectangular space of the basilica and serves as a focal point of the church.

A courtyard in front of a basilica, serving as an entrance area and providing space for gatherings before entering the church. It often featured a fountain.

A large basilical church in Ravenna, Italy, built in the 6th century. It is known for its rich interior decorations featuring colorful mosaics and paintings.

An early basilical church in Rome, built in the 4th century. It was a major pilgrimage site, featuring a simple design with a large nave and aisles.

A type of architectural plan characterized by a central, long rectangular hall with lower aisles on either side. It is often seen in churches and cathedrals. The basilica is a significant architectural style utilized in both Roman and early Christian architecture.

A hemispherical structure that is often placed atop a building. Domes are commonly used in Byzantine architecture and can be seen in other styles as well.

Triangular, concave sections of curved surface that transition from a square or rectangular base to a circular or polygonal dome. This creates a visual and structural connection between the base and the dome.

A gallery or walkway located above the main floor of a basilica, usually around the central space. It provides additional access and allows windows to be set higher, illuminating the space below.

A style of architecture originating in the Byzantine Empire characterized by intricate mosaics, domes, large-scale buildings, and the use of colorful materials like marble and gold.

A building known for its impressive dome and its use of both Roman and Byzantine elements, it was built by the emperor Justinian and combines various architectural styles.

A building known for its history as a church, mosque, and museum. It is an iconic landmark in Istanbul with a distinctive dome that is supported by pendentives. Hagia Sophia's construction reflects a confluence of Roman and Byzantine architectural styles.

Two main styles of columns used in Hagia Sophia: the Composite order, which combines features of Corinthian and Ionic columns, and the Ionic order, which is known for its scrolls.

Triangular, curved sections used to transition a square base to a circular or polygonal dome, a key innovation in Byzantine architecture.

A gallery or walkway located above the main floor of a basilica, often around the central space, providing additional access and allowing for higher windows.

A style of architecture originating in the Byzantine Empire, characterized by intricate mosaics, domes, and large-scale buildings with the use of colorful materials like marble and gold.

A basilica known for its impressive dome and blending of Roman and Byzantine elements, built by the Emperor Justinian.

A building known for its history as a church, mosque, and museum, an iconic landmark in Istanbul with a distinctive dome supported by pendentives.

Two main types of columns used in Hagia Sophia: the Composite order, combining features of Corinthian and Ionic columns, and the Ionic order, known for its scrolls.

Early Christian meeting places that evolved from private homes, serving as spaces for worship and burials.

A building style that flourished in Europe from the 10th to the 13th centuries, marked by thick walls, round arches, and sturdy piers, creating a sense of solidity and grandeur.

The use of semicircular arches, barrel vaults, and thick walls in Romanesque architecture, drawing inspiration from Roman building techniques.

The adoption of church design, dome construction, barrel vaults, and buttresses from Early Christian and Byzantine architecture.

The incorporation of pointed arches, ablaq courses, star patterns, and decorative elements from Islamic architecture.

The characteristic use of semicircular arches, supported by sturdy piers or columns, creating a continuous archway.

Thick, solid walls with few small openings, providing structural strength and a sense of enclosure.

Flat, square projections that support the walls, less prominent than in Gothic architecture. They provide extra stability and help distribute weight.

The characteristic use of semicircular arches for openings like doors and windows, reflecting the Roman influence.

A building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows.

A narrow passageway surrounding the apse, allowing access to chapels and the altar.

These massive blocks of masonry project outward from the exterior of the building, acting as supports for the walls and vaults.

A distinctive feature of Gothic architecture, these pointed arches create an upward thrust and add verticality to the building.

A type of vaulting system in Gothic architecture, where ribs are added to the vault to distribute weight and provide support.

A pointed arch is a structural element used in Gothic architecture. It's characterized by its curved shape that rises to a point at the top, allowing for taller and wider vaulted structures.

Ribbed vaults are a type of vaulted ceiling found in Gothic architecture. They are formed by a series of ribs that intersect at specific points, creating a strong and visually appealing structure.

A flying buttress is a structural feature that allows for the creation of taller and lighter walls in Gothic architecture by transferring the weight of the roof to a freestanding pier.

Gargoyles are decorative figures carved into the exterior of Gothic buildings, often placed on the corners of the roof or on the buttresses. They are typically grotesque and often have a spout for draining rainwater.

A stained glass window is a decorative window that uses pieces of colored glass to create intricate patterns and designs. They are commonly found in Gothic cathedrals and are often used to tell stories or depict religious scenes.

A six-partite vault is a type of vaulted ceiling found in Gothic architecture. It is divided into six bays by two diagonal ribs and several transverse ribs, creating a complex and symmetrical pattern.

Pinnacles are decorative, pointed structures that are placed on top of buttresses to add more weight and stability.

تم العثور على حوالي 2000 قطعة من الأدوات الحجرية في 16 مستوطنة، بما في ذلك السكاكين الحجرية والمطارق ورؤوس السهام، وبعض الأدوات متعددة الأسطح و الكرو.

السكاكين الحجرية، المطرق، رؤوس السهام

كانت فترة حكم مملكة الجرهاء (دملون) في المنطقة الشرقية من 3000 قبل الميلاد إلى 2000 قبل الميلاد في عين السيح جنوب الظهران.

امتدت فترة حكم مملكة الجرهاء (دملون) في المنطقة الشرقية من 3000 قبل الميلاد إلى 2000 قبل الميلاد في عين السيح جنوب الظهران.

مدينة تيماء القديمة محاطة بسور كبير من الجهات الغربية والجنوبية والشرقية.

تقع تيماء (تيماء) في منطقة تبوك في المملكة العربية السعودية.

تم العثور على العديد من الآثار في تيماء، بما في ذلك النقوش والرسومات القديمة على الصخور.

هي فترة زمنية تمتد من 6000 إلى 7000 قبل ميلاد المسيح، خلالها تم تدجين الخيول لأول مرة في آسيا الوسطى. تُعرف هذه الفترة باسم العصر الحجري الحديث.

هي حضارة قديمة وُجدت في مصر.

هو كلبٌ يمتاز بمظهره الأنيق، وسرعته الفائقة.

هو كلبٌ قديم ذو جسم قوي وقدرة على التحمل.

هي بُنى دائرية عُثر عليها في العديد من المناطق وُجدت كدُّوائر حجرية في العصور القديمة.

مدينة مدائن صالح، المعروفة أيضًا باسم مدينة الحجارة، هي موقع أثري يقع في السعودية. تشتهر المدينة بوجود مقابر منحوتة في الصخور، تُظهر براعة الفن المعماري في العصور القديمة.

تُشير هذه الفترة إلى العصر الحجري القديم األعلى في المنطقة الشرقية، بدءًا من ‪ 1600000‬سنة إلى ‪ 50‬ألف سنة قبل الحاضر. تُعتبر هذه الفترة مهمة في التاريخ اإلنساني في المنطقة ، حيث شهدت ظهور اإلنسان الحديث و تطويره لأدوات وتقنيات جديدة.

كانت المنطقة الشرقية تتمتع بظروف مطيرة لفترة طويلة بدأت منذ حوالي ‪ 200‬ألف سنة قبل امليالد وامتدت حتى ‪ 17‬ألف سنة قبل امليالد. خلال هذه الفترة، ازدهرت الحياة النباتية والحيوانية بشكل كبير، مما أثر على نمط حياة اإلنسان القديم وكون ثقافته.

مدينة تيماء أو تيماء القديمة هي موقع أثري يقع في منطقة تبوك شمال غرب المملكة العربية السعودية. تتميز المدينة بوجود آثار تعود إلى العصر الحجري القديم، كما تشتهر بنقوشها ومعابدها القديمة.

تُعرف مدينة الجوف بوجود آثار تاريخية وثقافية مهمة. تُعد مدينة دومة الجندل، أو أدوماتو، من أبرز المواقع الأثرية في المنطقة بسبب وجود قلعة وحمامات ومقابر قديمة.

يُشير هذا المصطلح إلى منطقة جغرافية محددة تقع في الشرق الأوسط. المنطقة الشرقية غنية بتنوعها التاريخي والثقافي ، وتُعتبر مهدًا للحضارات القديمة وكذلك للمواقع الأثرية الهامة.

آثار مدينة مدائن صالح، وتيماء، والجوف تشكل جزءًا مهمًا من التاريخ والتراث الثقافي السعودي. تُظهر هذه المواقع الأثرية تنوع الثقافات والحضارات التي مرّت بها المملكة العربية السعودية.

كانت المنطقة الشرقية تتمتع بظروف مطيرة لفترة طويلة بدأت منذ حوالي ‪ 200‬ألف سنة قبل امليالد وامتدت حتى ‪ 17‬ألف سنة قبل امليالد. خلال هذه الفترة، ازدهرت الحياة النباتية والحيوانية بشكل كبير، مما أثر على نمط حياة اإلنسان القديم وكون ثقافته.

تُشير هذه الفترة إلى العصر الحجري القديم األعلى في المنطقة الشرقية، بدءًا من ‪ 1600000‬سنة إلى ‪ 50‬ألف سنة قبل الحاضر. تُعتبر هذه الفترة مهمة في التاريخ اإلنساني في المنطقة ، حيث شهدت ظهور اإلنسان الحديث و تطويره لأدوات وتقنيات جديدة.

مدينة تيماء أو تيماء القديمة هي موقع أثري يقع في منطقة تبوك شمال غرب المملكة العربية السعودية. تتميز المدينة بوجود آثار تعود إلى العصر الحجري القديم، كما تشتهر بنقوشها ومعابدها القديمة.

تُعرف مدينة الجوف بوجود آثار تاريخية وثقافية مهمة. تُعد مدينة دومة الجندل، أو أدوماتو، من أبرز المواقع الأثرية في المنطقة بسبب وجود قلعة وحمامات ومقابر قديمة.

كان نظامًا حكميًا قديمًا في المنطقة الشرقية، وقد امتدت فترة حكمه من 3000 قبل الميلاد إلى 2000 قبل الميلاد.

يُشير إلى فترة زمنية طويلة في المنطقة الشرقية، بدأت منذ 1600000 سنة قبل الحاضر.

مدينة تيماء القديمة محاطة بسور كبير من الجهات الغربية والجنوبية والشرقية.

هي فترة زمنية امتدت من 6000 إلى 7000 قبل ميلاد المسيح، خلالها تم تدجين الخيول لأول مرة في آسيا الوسطى. تُعرف هذه الفترة باسم العصر الحجري الحديث.

كانت فترة حكم مملكة الجرهاء (دملون) في المنطقة الشرقية من 3000 قبل الميلاد إلى 2000 قبل الميلاد في عين السيح جنوب الظهران.