Role of Glucose in the Body Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of glucose in the body?

  • Provide essential energy for red blood cells and nerve cells (correct)
  • Maintain calcium levels
  • Transport oxygen to cells
  • Support muscle growth

How does insulin affect blood glucose levels and what is this process called?

  • Lowers blood glucose levels, hypoglycaemia (correct)
  • Raises blood glucose levels, hyperglycaemia
  • Lowers blood glucose levels, glycogenolysis
  • Raises blood glucose levels, gluconeogenesis

Which of the following hormones increases blood glucose levels in the body?

  • Thyroxine
  • Insulin
  • Aldosterone
  • Cortisol (correct)

How is glucose stored after a meal and where is it stored?

<p>Stored as glycogen in the liver and fat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process retrieves glucose in the body during fasting?

<p>Gluconeogenesis from liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of insulin?

<p>Promotes absorption of glucose into cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glucagon in the body?

<p>It promotes gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced in response to lowered glucose levels?

<p>Glucagon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cortisol promote in the body?

<p>Gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary classification of diabetes mellitus based on?

<p>Insulin dependence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does type 1 diabetes typically manifest?

<p>Always requiring insulin for treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common long-term complication of diabetes mellitus?

<p>Oral candidiasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does hyperglycaemia lead to increased frequency of urination?

<p>Increased sugar acting as an osmotic water carrier into urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary adjustment is recommended for individuals with diabetes mellitus?

<p>Lower fat intake to 30-35% of total energy intake, mainly unsaturated fats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a macro-vascular complication that can arise due to diabetes?

<p>Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a microvascular disease that can arise due to diabetes?

<p>Diabetic cardiomyopathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common skin infection that can be caused by diabetes?

<p>Cellulitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following oral hypoglycaemics is NOT recommended for elderly patients with renal failure?

<p>Glibenclamide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a dental complication that can arise due to diabetes?

<p>Tooth decay (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical action to manage type 2 diabetes patients prior to surgery?

<p>Continue regular medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of Metformin?

<p>Increased appetite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for monitoring urine for albuminuria in diabetic patients?

<p>Detecting urinary tract infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical action to manage type 1 diabetes patients prior to surgery?

<p>Stop insulin administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of poor diabetic control?

<p>Genetic factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 things that diabetes can cause dentally and in the practice?

<p>Periodontal disease, xerostomia, and risk of ischemic heart disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are insulins used as injectables?

<p>Because they are small proteins that would be broken down by gastric acid if taken orally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of insulin?

<p>Short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are four ways blood glucose levels can be measured?

<p>Fingerprick glucose, urine dipstick, lab serum glucose, and HbA1C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is acute hypoglycemia?

<p>Low blood sugar levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 signs and symptoms of acute hypoglycemia?

<p>Hunger, sweating, and tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is acute hypoglycemia diagnosed?

<p>By measuring blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is conscious, what treatment is recommended for acute hypoglycemia?

<p>Rapid ingestion of sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical feature of spontaneous Cushing's?

<p>Hyperpigmentation of the skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is unconscious, what treatment is recommended for acute hypoglycemia?

<p>IV glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should never be administered to someone undergoing acute hypoglycemia?

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of spontaneous Cushing's?

<p>ACTH-dependent pituitary adenoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an investigation used to diagnose spontaneous Cushing's?

<p>Serum electrolytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of an Addisonian crisis?

<p>High calcium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical feature of Addison's disease?

<p>Hyperpigmentation of the skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for managing spontaneous Cushing's?

<p>Chronic overdose of steroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of spontaneous Cushing's?

<p>ACTH-independent pituitary adenoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of hypercortisolism in patients with Cushing's?

<p>Increased immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of Addison's disease?

<p>Obesity with centrally distributed fat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an investigation used to diagnose Addison's disease?

<p>Urinary free cortisol levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two typical scenarios that can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

<p>Previously undiagnosed diabetic and a person with missed insulin doses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for not stopping insulin for a patient who is ill and off food?

<p>To prevent tissue breakdown and ketone production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

<p>Insulin deficiency leads to unrestrained catabolism, hepatic gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key clinical feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

<p>Profound dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment aims should be considered for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) patients?

<p>Restore fluid and electrolyte losses, increase insulin, and restore acid-base balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Hyperosmolar Non Ketotic State (HONK)?

<p>A state of severe hyperglycaemia without significant ketosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if a pregnant diabetic lady has poor diabetic control?

<p>Greater risk of congenital defects in progeny and impaired glucose tolerance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 functional parts of the adrenal glands?

<p>Medulla = catecholamine production (Endocrine Sympathetic sys) and Cortex = steroid hormone production (essential for life) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 parts of the adrenal cortex?

<p>Zona glomerulosa = aldosterone, Zone fasciculata = glucocorticoids, and Zona reticularis = sex hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 functions of glucocorticoids?

<p>Increased protein catabolism, increased glycogenolysis, and increased glucoenogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose of hydrocortisone for a steroid-dependent patient with Addison's disease before a major dental surgery like an extraction?

<p>50mg hydrocortisone IM just before anaesthesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a steroid-dependent patient with Addison's disease do after a minor dental procedure like a filling?

<p>Double the dose of oral medication for 24 hours and then return to normal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for a steroid-dependent patient with Addison's disease experiencing hypoadrenal symptoms after a minor dental procedure like a filling?

<p>Take an extra dose where hypoadrenal symptoms occur, then return to normal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mineralocorticoids?

<p>Hormones involved in electrolyte and fluid balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended pre-surgery dose of hydrocortisone for a steroid-dependent patient with Addison's disease undergoing root canal treatment?

<p>10mg hydrocortisone PO one hour before surgery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Addisonian patients when faced with stressful situations?

<p>They produce insufficient cortisol to match the adrenaline for vascular shunting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which investigation can be used to diagnose acromegaly based on the failure of normal suppression of GH?

<p>Glucose tolerance test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Octreotide in managing acromegaly?

<p>Acts as a long-acting somatostatin analogue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results in a swelling of the thyroid gland by taking iodine from the blood?

<p>Hashimoto's thyroiditis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disease typically associated with hypothyroidism?

<p>Thyroid tissue disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which investigation is commonly used to diagnose hyperthyroidism based on T4 and T3 elevation and suppressed TSH levels?

<p>Thyroid function test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of hyperthyroidism associated with antibody-mediated retro-orbital inflammation?

<p>Grave's disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used to manage hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the formation of thyroid hormones and having mild immunosuppressive properties?

<p>Carbimazole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of lifelong replacement therapy with thyroxine for hypothyroidism?

<p>To provide T4 replacement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes bitemporal hemianopia as a visual field defect observed in acromegaly?

<p>Peripheral vision loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical feature is characteristic of hypothyroidism as a result of slower metabolic rate?

<p>Coldness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using Beta blockers in the treatment of goitre?

<p>To control sympathetic symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is primary hyperparathyroidism typically diagnosed?

<p>Through general porosis of bones seen on x-ray (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In primary hyperparathyroidism, what does increased alkaline phosphatase indicate?

<p>Increased bone resorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is tertiary hyperparathyroidism different from secondary hyperparathyroidism?

<p>It involves autonomy of a formerly hyperplastic gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of a bruit in goitre typically reflect?

<p>Increased vascularity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common gender affected by goitre?

<p>Women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In primary hyperparathyroidism, what do renal stones indicate?

<p>Renal excretion of excess calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Pepper pot skull' and osteoclast masses are associated with which condition?

<p>'Brown tumours of hyperparathyroidism' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'All glands must be identified' during surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism to avoid what?

<p>'Hypocalcaemia' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium regulation?

<p>To work in conjunction with Vitamin D to maintain serum ionised calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for Conn’s syndrome?

<p>Hyperaldosteronism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of primary adrenal adenoma as a result of Conn’s syndrome?

<p>Hyperkalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

<p>Increased production of androgens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 ways Conn’s syndrome is managed?

<p>Spironolactone and surgical resection of an adenoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for growth hormone?

<p>Directly stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 4 clinical features of acromegaly?

<p>Enlarging head, hands, and feet; tight hat; gloves and shoes don't fit; enlarged jaw (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormone is the growth hormone?

<p>Hyperglycaemic hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the effects of growth hormone mediated?

<p>Through the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) in the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a growth hormone deficiency in childhood produce?

<p>Pituitary dwarf (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a growth hormone excess in childhood produce?

<p>Gigantism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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