Role of Glucose in the Body Quiz

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What is the main function of glucose in the body?

Provide essential energy for red blood cells and nerve cells (correct)

Maintain calcium levels

Transport oxygen to cells

Support muscle growth

How does insulin affect blood glucose levels and what is this process called?

Lowers blood glucose levels, hypoglycaemia (correct)

Raises blood glucose levels, hyperglycaemia

Lowers blood glucose levels, glycogenolysis

Raises blood glucose levels, gluconeogenesis

Which of the following hormones increases blood glucose levels in the body?

Thyroxine

Insulin

Aldosterone

Cortisol (correct)

How is glucose stored after a meal and where is it stored?

Stored as glycogen in the liver and fat Signup and view all the answers

Which process retrieves glucose in the body during fasting?

Gluconeogenesis from liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of insulin?

Promotes absorption of glucose into cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glucagon in the body?

It promotes gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced in response to lowered glucose levels?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

What does cortisol promote in the body?

Gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary classification of diabetes mellitus based on?

Insulin dependence Signup and view all the answers

How does type 1 diabetes typically manifest?

Always requiring insulin for treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is one common long-term complication of diabetes mellitus?

Oral candidiasis Signup and view all the answers

Why does hyperglycaemia lead to increased frequency of urination?

Increased sugar acting as an osmotic water carrier into urine Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary adjustment is recommended for individuals with diabetes mellitus?

Lower fat intake to 30-35% of total energy intake, mainly unsaturated fats Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a macro-vascular complication that can arise due to diabetes?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a microvascular disease that can arise due to diabetes?

Diabetic cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common skin infection that can be caused by diabetes?

Cellulitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following oral hypoglycaemics is NOT recommended for elderly patients with renal failure?

Glibenclamide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a dental complication that can arise due to diabetes?

Tooth decay Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical action to manage type 2 diabetes patients prior to surgery?

Continue regular medications Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of Metformin?

Increased appetite Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for monitoring urine for albuminuria in diabetic patients?

Detecting urinary tract infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical action to manage type 1 diabetes patients prior to surgery?

Stop insulin administration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of poor diabetic control?

Genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 things that diabetes can cause dentally and in the practice?

Periodontal disease, xerostomia, and risk of ischemic heart disease Signup and view all the answers

Why are insulins used as injectables?

Because they are small proteins that would be broken down by gastric acid if taken orally Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of insulin?

Short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting Signup and view all the answers

What are four ways blood glucose levels can be measured?

Fingerprick glucose, urine dipstick, lab serum glucose, and HbA1C Signup and view all the answers

What is acute hypoglycemia?

Low blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 signs and symptoms of acute hypoglycemia?

Hunger, sweating, and tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

How is acute hypoglycemia diagnosed?

By measuring blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is conscious, what treatment is recommended for acute hypoglycemia?

Rapid ingestion of sugar Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical feature of spontaneous Cushing's?

Hyperpigmentation of the skin Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is unconscious, what treatment is recommended for acute hypoglycemia?

IV glucose Signup and view all the answers

What should never be administered to someone undergoing acute hypoglycemia?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of spontaneous Cushing's?

ACTH-dependent pituitary adenoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an investigation used to diagnose spontaneous Cushing's?

Serum electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of an Addisonian crisis?

High calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical feature of Addison's disease?

Hyperpigmentation of the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for managing spontaneous Cushing's?

Chronic overdose of steroids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of spontaneous Cushing's?

ACTH-independent pituitary adenoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of hypercortisolism in patients with Cushing's?

Increased immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of Addison's disease?

Obesity with centrally distributed fat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an investigation used to diagnose Addison's disease?

Urinary free cortisol levels Signup and view all the answers

What are two typical scenarios that can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Previously undiagnosed diabetic and a person with missed insulin doses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for not stopping insulin for a patient who is ill and off food?

To prevent tissue breakdown and ketone production Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Insulin deficiency leads to unrestrained catabolism, hepatic gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is a key clinical feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Profound dehydration Signup and view all the answers

What treatment aims should be considered for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) patients?

Restore fluid and electrolyte losses, increase insulin, and restore acid-base balance Signup and view all the answers

What is Hyperosmolar Non Ketotic State (HONK)?

A state of severe hyperglycaemia without significant ketosis Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if a pregnant diabetic lady has poor diabetic control?

Greater risk of congenital defects in progeny and impaired glucose tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 functional parts of the adrenal glands?

Medulla = catecholamine production (Endocrine Sympathetic sys) and Cortex = steroid hormone production (essential for life) Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 parts of the adrenal cortex?

Zona glomerulosa = aldosterone, Zone fasciculata = glucocorticoids, and Zona reticularis = sex hormones Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 functions of glucocorticoids?

Increased protein catabolism, increased glycogenolysis, and increased glucoenogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose of hydrocortisone for a steroid-dependent patient with Addison's disease before a major dental surgery like an extraction?

50mg hydrocortisone IM just before anaesthesia Signup and view all the answers

What should a steroid-dependent patient with Addison's disease do after a minor dental procedure like a filling?

Double the dose of oral medication for 24 hours and then return to normal Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for a steroid-dependent patient with Addison's disease experiencing hypoadrenal symptoms after a minor dental procedure like a filling?

Take an extra dose where hypoadrenal symptoms occur, then return to normal Signup and view all the answers

What are mineralocorticoids?

Hormones involved in electrolyte and fluid balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended pre-surgery dose of hydrocortisone for a steroid-dependent patient with Addison's disease undergoing root canal treatment?

10mg hydrocortisone PO one hour before surgery Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Addisonian patients when faced with stressful situations?

They produce insufficient cortisol to match the adrenaline for vascular shunting Signup and view all the answers

Which investigation can be used to diagnose acromegaly based on the failure of normal suppression of GH?

Glucose tolerance test Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Octreotide in managing acromegaly?

Acts as a long-acting somatostatin analogue Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results in a swelling of the thyroid gland by taking iodine from the blood?

Hashimoto's thyroiditis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disease typically associated with hypothyroidism?

Thyroid tissue disease Signup and view all the answers

Which investigation is commonly used to diagnose hyperthyroidism based on T4 and T3 elevation and suppressed TSH levels?

Thyroid function test Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of hyperthyroidism associated with antibody-mediated retro-orbital inflammation?

Grave's disease Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used to manage hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the formation of thyroid hormones and having mild immunosuppressive properties?

Carbimazole Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of lifelong replacement therapy with thyroxine for hypothyroidism?

To provide T4 replacement Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes bitemporal hemianopia as a visual field defect observed in acromegaly?

Peripheral vision loss Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical feature is characteristic of hypothyroidism as a result of slower metabolic rate?

Coldness Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using Beta blockers in the treatment of goitre?

To control sympathetic symptoms Signup and view all the answers

How is primary hyperparathyroidism typically diagnosed?

Through general porosis of bones seen on x-ray Signup and view all the answers

In primary hyperparathyroidism, what does increased alkaline phosphatase indicate?

Increased bone resorption Signup and view all the answers

How is tertiary hyperparathyroidism different from secondary hyperparathyroidism?

It involves autonomy of a formerly hyperplastic gland Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of a bruit in goitre typically reflect?

Increased vascularity Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common gender affected by goitre?

Women Signup and view all the answers

In primary hyperparathyroidism, what do renal stones indicate?

Renal excretion of excess calcium Signup and view all the answers

'Pepper pot skull' and osteoclast masses are associated with which condition?

'Brown tumours of hyperparathyroidism' Signup and view all the answers

'All glands must be identified' during surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism to avoid what?

'Hypocalcaemia' Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium regulation?

To work in conjunction with Vitamin D to maintain serum ionised calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for Conn’s syndrome?

Hyperaldosteronism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of primary adrenal adenoma as a result of Conn’s syndrome?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Increased production of androgens Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 ways Conn’s syndrome is managed?

Spironolactone and surgical resection of an adenoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for growth hormone?

Directly stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) Signup and view all the answers

What are 4 clinical features of acromegaly?

Enlarging head, hands, and feet; tight hat; gloves and shoes don't fit; enlarged jaw Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormone is the growth hormone?

Hyperglycaemic hormone Signup and view all the answers

How are the effects of growth hormone mediated?

Through the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) in the liver Signup and view all the answers

What does a growth hormone deficiency in childhood produce?

Pituitary dwarf Signup and view all the answers

What does a growth hormone excess in childhood produce?

Gigantism Signup and view all the answers