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Questions and Answers
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for activity, such as the fight or flight response?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for activity, such as the fight or flight response?
- Central Nervous System
- Somatic Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System (correct)
What type of neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?
What type of neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?
- Serotonin
- GABA
- Glutamate
- Ach (correct)
Which enzyme breaks down norepinephrine (NE) in the synaptic end bulb of the neuron that released it?
Which enzyme breaks down norepinephrine (NE) in the synaptic end bulb of the neuron that released it?
- MAO (Monoamine Oxidase) (correct)
- AChE (Acetylcholinesterase)
- Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase
- Tyrosine Hydroxylase
What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which part of the brain coordinates skilled voluntary muscle movements and timing of contractions involving more than 1 joint?
Which part of the brain coordinates skilled voluntary muscle movements and timing of contractions involving more than 1 joint?
What is the primary function of the Basal Nuclei in movement?
What is the primary function of the Basal Nuclei in movement?
Which pathway involves the transmission of signals from the cortex to skeletal muscles?
Which pathway involves the transmission of signals from the cortex to skeletal muscles?
What are the consequences of the destruction of Upper Motor Neurons?
What are the consequences of the destruction of Upper Motor Neurons?
At which level of motor control are the signals directly sent to lower motor neurons for fine skilled movements?
At which level of motor control are the signals directly sent to lower motor neurons for fine skilled movements?
Which part of the brain is involved in the coordination of large muscle groups, such as maintenance of posture and locomotion?
Which part of the brain is involved in the coordination of large muscle groups, such as maintenance of posture and locomotion?
What type of control combines reflex and voluntary actions, such as walking and running?
What type of control combines reflex and voluntary actions, such as walking and running?
Which sensory structures are involved in providing feedback for muscle control in the nervous system?
Which sensory structures are involved in providing feedback for muscle control in the nervous system?
What is the normal response when the sole of the foot is scratched?
What is the normal response when the sole of the foot is scratched?
Which sign indicates damage to upper motor neurons?
Which sign indicates damage to upper motor neurons?
What is the common outcome of destruction of lower motor neurons?
What is the common outcome of destruction of lower motor neurons?
Which brain region is responsible for understanding spoken or written words?
Which brain region is responsible for understanding spoken or written words?
What happens when there is damage to Broca's area?
What happens when there is damage to Broca's area?
Which virus destroys cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord?
Which virus destroys cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- The sympathetic division prepares the body for activity, such as the fight or flight response.
- Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine as the primary neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system.
- Norepinephrine (NE) is broken down by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the synaptic end bulb.
Nervous System Functions
- The main function of the parasympathetic nervous system is to promote rest and digest activities.
- The cerebellum coordinates skilled voluntary muscle movements and timing of contractions involving multiple joints.
Basal Nuclei and Motor Control
- The primary function of the Basal Nuclei is to regulate and smooth out movements.
- The corticospinal pathway involves the transmission of signals from the cortex to skeletal muscles.
- Destruction of Upper Motor Neurons can lead to spastic paralysis and exaggerated reflex responses.
Motor Control Levels
- The signals for fine skilled movements are directly sent to lower motor neurons at the level of motor control involving the primary motor cortex.
- The brainstem and cerebellum are key in coordinating large muscle groups for posture and locomotion.
Motor Control Types
- Anticipatory control combines reflex and voluntary actions, such as walking and running.
- Proprioceptors, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs provide feedback for muscle control in the nervous system.
Reflex Actions
- The normal response when the sole of the foot is scratched is the Babinski reflex in infants, where the toes fan out.
- Damage to Upper Motor Neurons can result in the Babinski sign, an abnormal response in adults where the toes extend instead of flexing.
Motor Neuron Damage Consequences
- Destruction of Lower Motor Neurons typically leads to flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy.
- The Wernicke's area is responsible for understanding spoken or written words.
- Damage to Broca's area results in expressive aphasia, where speech production is impaired.
Viral Infections
- Poliovirus causes destruction of motor neuron cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
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