Role of Cerebellum in Movement Control
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Questions and Answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for activity, such as the fight or flight response?

  • Central Nervous System
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System
  • Sympathetic Nervous System (correct)
  • What type of neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

  • Serotonin
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • Ach (correct)
  • Which enzyme breaks down norepinephrine (NE) in the synaptic end bulb of the neuron that released it?

  • MAO (Monoamine Oxidase) (correct)
  • AChE (Acetylcholinesterase)
  • Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase
  • Tyrosine Hydroxylase
  • What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Rest and digest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain coordinates skilled voluntary muscle movements and timing of contractions involving more than 1 joint?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Basal Nuclei in movement?

    <p>Planning movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway involves the transmission of signals from the cortex to skeletal muscles?

    <p>Corticospinal Pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of the destruction of Upper Motor Neurons?

    <p>A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level of motor control are the signals directly sent to lower motor neurons for fine skilled movements?

    <p>Primary motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in the coordination of large muscle groups, such as maintenance of posture and locomotion?

    <p>Brainstem nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control combines reflex and voluntary actions, such as walking and running?

    <p>Rhythmic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory structures are involved in providing feedback for muscle control in the nervous system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal response when the sole of the foot is scratched?

    <p>Flexion of toes (curl under)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign indicates damage to upper motor neurons?

    <p>Babinski sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common outcome of destruction of lower motor neurons?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is responsible for understanding spoken or written words?

    <p>Wernicke’s area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is damage to Broca's area?

    <p>Inability to produce sensible speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus destroys cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord?

    <p>Polio virus (poliomyelitis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • The sympathetic division prepares the body for activity, such as the fight or flight response.
    • Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine as the primary neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system.
    • Norepinephrine (NE) is broken down by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the synaptic end bulb.

    Nervous System Functions

    • The main function of the parasympathetic nervous system is to promote rest and digest activities.
    • The cerebellum coordinates skilled voluntary muscle movements and timing of contractions involving multiple joints.

    Basal Nuclei and Motor Control

    • The primary function of the Basal Nuclei is to regulate and smooth out movements.
    • The corticospinal pathway involves the transmission of signals from the cortex to skeletal muscles.
    • Destruction of Upper Motor Neurons can lead to spastic paralysis and exaggerated reflex responses.

    Motor Control Levels

    • The signals for fine skilled movements are directly sent to lower motor neurons at the level of motor control involving the primary motor cortex.
    • The brainstem and cerebellum are key in coordinating large muscle groups for posture and locomotion.

    Motor Control Types

    • Anticipatory control combines reflex and voluntary actions, such as walking and running.
    • Proprioceptors, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs provide feedback for muscle control in the nervous system.

    Reflex Actions

    • The normal response when the sole of the foot is scratched is the Babinski reflex in infants, where the toes fan out.
    • Damage to Upper Motor Neurons can result in the Babinski sign, an abnormal response in adults where the toes extend instead of flexing.

    Motor Neuron Damage Consequences

    • Destruction of Lower Motor Neurons typically leads to flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy.
    • The Wernicke's area is responsible for understanding spoken or written words.
    • Damage to Broca's area results in expressive aphasia, where speech production is impaired.

    Viral Infections

    • Poliovirus causes destruction of motor neuron cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

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    Description

    Explore the role of the cerebellum in controlling movement including planning and initiating movement, maintaining balance, coordinating muscle tone, and correcting movements. Understand how the cerebellum sends input to cortical areas and compares planned movement to actual movement with sensory input.

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