Rococo, Vigee Le Brun, and Neoclassicism

• Jean-Honore Fragonard's work is characterized by details and motion.
• Fragonard primarily worked for private individuals.
• Later in life, Fragonard was appointed a curator at the Louvre by his friend Jacques-Louis David.
• Jeanne-Antoinette Watteau was the official mistress of Louis XV in 1745.

Elisabeth Vigee Le Brun

• Elisabeth Vigee Le Brun came from a family of artists.
• Her style straddled Rococo and Neoclassical elements.
• She was known for portrait paintings.
• Marie Antoinette was one of her patrons.
• Vigee Le Brun fled during the revolution.

Neoclassicism

• Neoclassicism was an 18th-century revival of the classical past.
• Excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii in the mid-18th century influenced Neoclassicism.
• It spread through North America and Europe.
• Johann Joachim Winckelmann's "History of the Art of Antiquity" (1766) was influential to the movement.
• The Grand Tour, an educational trip focusing on Italian art and culture, played a role in popularizing Neoclassicism.

Romanticism in France (~1800-1848)

• Romanticism was a pan-European movement associated with literature and music.
• It was a response to the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and order, as well as changes brought by the Industrial Revolution.
• Artists explored diverse subjects and styles.

Key Figures:

• George Stubbs was a painter.
• Jacques-Louis David was a painter, and friend of Fragonard.
• Theodore Gericault employed foreshortening in his works.
• Gericault used dead limbs as reference.
• Eugene Delacroix graduated in Paris.
• Delacroix was a Rubenist, known for open brushwork.
• Delacroix's woman in 'Liberty Leading the People' is a symbol of Liberty.

Romanticism in Spain (1800-1848)

• This period coincided with the Spanish Enlightenment.
• Napoleon III's armies invaded Spain in 1808, leading to the Peninsular War (1808-1814).
• Mass executions occurred during this time.
• In 1814, French control ended, leading to a crackdown by the new administration.

Francisco Goya (1748-1828)

• Goya was a Romantic painter.
• He is considered the last of the Old Masters and the first of the "modern" artists.
• Goya worked as a court painter and an anti-war painter.
• In Madrid, he created the Black Paintings (1819-1823), which were oil murals at Quinta del Sordo.
• Goya used aquatint, a printmaking technique that produces tonal effects by using acid to eat into the printing plate.

Art Terms:

• Rubenists were mostly interested in color.
• Poussinists were mostly interested in line.

Artwork Examples

• Fragonard, The Swing
• Boucher, Portrait of Madame de Pompadour
• Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun, Marie Antoinette in a Chemise Dress, 1783
• Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun, Marie Antoinette with a Rose, 1783
• Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun, Marie Antoinette de Lorraine-Habsbourg, Queen of France, and her Children, 1787
• Jean-Antoine Watteau, Pilgrimage to Cythera
• George Stubbs, Anatomy of a/the Horse
• Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii (1784-1785)
• Jacques–Louis David, Death of Marat (1793)
• Theodore Gericault, Raft of the Medusa
• Eugene Delacroix, Scene of the Massacre at Chios OR Greek Families Awaiting Death or Slavery
• Eugene Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus
• Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People
• Francisco Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters
• Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808
• Francisco Goya, The Dog OR The Drowning Dog
• Francisco Goya, Saturn Devouring his Son
• Francisco Goya, And there’s nothing to be done
• Francisco Goya, This is worse