Questions and Answers
What is a rock?
A natural, solid mixture of minerals or grains
Which characteristic refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of grains or crystals in a rock?
Texture
How does a conglomerate rock form?
From rounded rock fragments under strong forces
Which type of rock forms from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?
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Which type of rock is formed by the accumulation and compression of sediments?
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Which type of rock is formed from the alteration of pre-existing rock through heat, pressure, or chemical processes?
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Name the 3 major rock types.
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Where is magma typically found?
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When does lava form?
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What is the primary distinction between magma and lava?
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What is the primary process that leads to the formation of igneous rocks?
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What factors contribute to the formation of different types of igneous rocks?
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Where does the solidification of magma occur to form igneous rocks?
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How do igneous rocks form?
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How do sedimentary rocks form?
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How do metamorphic rocks form?
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Why is the rock cycle considered a continuous process?
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What geological processes are involved in the rock cycle?
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What are extrusive rocks also known as?
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What contributes to the absence of a distinct beginning or end in the rock cycle?
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Which of the following is an example of an extrusive rock?
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What process forms extrusive rocks?
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Which type of rock is formed when magma solidifies and crystallizes below the Earth's surface?
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Which of the following is an example of intrusive rock?
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Which term is synonymous with intrusive rock?
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What type of texture do intrusive igneous rocks typically have?
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How does volcanic glass rock differ from other igneous rocks?
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What process leads to the formation of sedimentary rocks?
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What type of rock is most commonly found on the exposed surface of Earth?
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What term is used to refer to the layers in which sedimentary rocks form?
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What process can flatten mineral grains in rocks without melting them?
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What is the result of great enough temperature and pressure melting rock?
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What type of texture is characterized by mineral grains flattening and lining up in parallel layers or bands?
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What flows from a volcano as a result of magma reaching the surface?
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What geological process can change sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock?
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Which type of rock can result from the melting and cooling of metamorphic rock?
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What type of texture is characteristic of certain metamorphic rocks where recrystallization occurs without the development of foliation?
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Study Notes
What is a Rock?
- A rock is a naturally occurring solid mass of mineral material.
Characteristics of Rocks
- Texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of grains or crystals in a rock.
Formation of Rocks
Conglomerate Rock
- Forms through the accumulation and cementation of gravel and pebbles.
Igneous Rock
- Forms from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
- Magma is typically found beneath the Earth's surface, while lava is magma that has reached the surface.
- The primary distinction between magma and lava is their location: magma is beneath the surface, while lava is on the surface.
- The primary process that leads to the formation of igneous rocks is the solidification of magma or lava.
- Factors that contribute to the formation of different types of igneous rocks include the temperature, pressure, and composition of the magma.
- Solidification of magma can occur at the surface (extrusive) or beneath the surface (intrusive) to form igneous rocks.
Sedimentary Rock
- Forms through the accumulation and compression of sediments.
- The process of forming sedimentary rocks involves lithification, which is the conversion of sediments into sedimentary rocks.
Metamorphic Rock
- Forms through the alteration of pre-existing rock through heat, pressure, or chemical processes.
- The process of forming metamorphic rocks involves metamorphism, which is the transformation of rock under high pressure and temperature.
Rock Cycle
- The rock cycle is considered a continuous process because it involves the transformation of rocks from one type to another.
- Geological processes involved in the rock cycle include igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes.
- The rock cycle has no distinct beginning or end because rocks can be transformed from one type to another through these processes.
Types of Igneous Rocks
- Extrusive rocks are also known as volcanic rocks and form through the solidification of lava on the surface.
- Intrusive rocks are formed when magma solidifies and crystallizes below the Earth's surface.
- Plutonic rocks are another term for intrusive rocks.
- Intrusive igneous rocks typically have a coarse-grained texture.
- Volcanic glass rock differs from other igneous rocks because it is formed through rapid cooling, which prevents the formation of crystals.
Sedimentary Rocks
- The process of forming sedimentary rocks involves deposition, compression, and cementation of sediments.
- The layers in which sedimentary rocks form are called strata.
- Sedimentary rocks are most commonly found on the exposed surface of Earth.
- The process of flattening mineral grains in rocks without melting them is called compaction.
Metamorphic Rocks
- The process of forming metamorphic rocks involves heat, pressure, and chemical reactions.
- The result of great enough temperature and pressure melting rock is magma.
- The type of texture characterized by mineral grains flattening and lining up in parallel layers or bands is called foliation.
- Non-foliated texture is characteristic of certain metamorphic rocks where recrystallization occurs without the development of foliation.
- Metamorphic rocks can be transformed into igneous rocks through melting and cooling.
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