A&P entrance Exam

72 bpm

15 ounces

Left side

Pulmonary veins

To carry oxygen to the cells throughout the body

Plasma

Hemostasis

Tricuspid and mitral valves

Aortic and pulmonary valves

Left ventricle

Arteries and arterioles

False

False

False

False

True

False

False

False

True

True

False

72 bpm

In the middle, slightly to the left

To carry oxygen to the cells throughout the body

Capillaries are the smallest types of blood vessels. They have a one cell thick wall made of epithelial cells, allowing for easy exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials between the blood and surrounding tissues.

Hematopoiesis is the process by which all blood cells (erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes) are made. It starts with a stem cell that eventually specializes to become one of the types of blood cells.

The main components of blood are: 1) Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) - carry oxygen to the cells throughout the body, 2) Platelets (Thrombocytes) - help in blood clotting, and 3) White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) - aid in the immune system.

The pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood back to the heart from the lungs, unlike other veins that carry oxygen-poor blood. They play a crucial role in oxygenating the blood and supplying it to the rest of the body.

The sequence of events in a single heartbeat, known as the cardiac cycle, consists of two main parts: systole and diastole. During systole, the ventricles contract and the atria relax. This leads to the closure of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral valves) and the opening of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves). Blood is pumped out of the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. During diastole, the ventricles relax and the atria contract. This leads to the closure of the semilunar valves and the opening of the atrioventricular valves. Blood fills the relaxed ventricles from the atria. The sequence is as follows: atrial systole, ventricular systole, early diastole, and late diastole.

The heart wall has three main layers: the endocardium, the myocardium, and the epicardium. The endocardium is the innermost layer and is made of endothelial tissue. It provides a smooth surface for blood flow and lines the chambers and valves of the heart. The myocardium is the middle layer and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue. It is responsible for the contraction of the heart and pumping of blood. The epicardium is the outermost layer and is a protective covering for the heart. It also contains blood vessels and fat.

The valves in the heart serve to prevent backflow of blood and ensure unidirectional flow. The four main valves are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonary valve, the mitral (bicuspid) valve, and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle, the pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, the mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle, and the aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. They have thick muscle cell layers and are capable of pumping blood. Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They have thinner muscle cell layers compared to arteries. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and have one epithelial cell thick walls. They allow for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. Arterioles are small versions of arteries that feed into capillaries, while venules collect blood from capillaries.

sphygmomanometer

5 to 6

heart

arteries

thick

back

one

low

smallest

main

made

Lubb = Closing of the atrioventricular valves Dupp = Closing of the semilunar valves

Left Ventricle = Most muscular chamber of the heart Right Ventricle = Pumps blood to the lungs Septum = Wall of muscle separating the left and right side of the heart Atria = Areas under low pressure

Tricuspid Valve = Between right atrium and right ventricle Pulmonary Valve = Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery Mitral Valve = Between left atrium and left ventricle Aortic Valve = Between left ventricle and aorta

Arteries and Arterioles = Carry blood away from the heart Veins and Venules = Carry blood back to the heart Capillaries = Let nutrients and other materials go through

Heart = A muscular organ about the size of one's fist that acts as a pump and propels blood through the blood vessels Sphygmomanometer = A device used to measure blood pressure by exerting and releasing pressure on the arm Pericardium = A sac that encloses and protects the heart Diaphragm = A structure upon which the heart sits

Blood Pressure = Measured with a sphygmomanometer by exerting and releasing pressure on the arm Heart rate = Measured by counting the number of beats felt in a minute Blood Volume = Estimated to be 5 to 6 quarts in an average adult Blood Circulation = Estimated by the heart beat which circulates about 2,000 gallons of blood through about 60,000 miles of blood vessels daily

Left side of the heart = Pump for the systemic circuit, taking blood to and from the body Right side of the heart = Pump for the pulmonary circuit, taking blood to and from the lungs Heart's location = Located in the middle of the thorax with part of it offset slightly to the left, underneath the sternum and surrounded by the lungs Heart's weight = Weighs between 7-15 ounces

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) = Carry oxygen to the cells throughout the body Platelets (Thrombocytes) = Allow the blood to clot White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) = Aid in the immune system Hemoglobin = Allow the erythrocyte to carry oxygen

Veins = Carry oxygen poor, 'blue' blood Pulmonary veins = Carry oxygen rich, 'red' blood back to the heart from the lungs Venules = Take blood directly from the capillaries Capillaries = Smallest types of blood vessels where oxygen exchange and other exchanges take place

Lymphocytes = Produce antibodies Basophils = Release histamine Neutrophils = Kill and digest bacteria and fungi Monocytes = Become macrophages that clean up dead cells

Congestive Heart Failure = Condition where the heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should Atrial Fibrillation = Irregular and often rapid heart rate Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) = Blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle Atherosclerosis = Build-up of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls

Liver

Floor of the mouth

Neck

Lymphatic filariasis

Bite from an infected mosquito

Spleen

Right lymphatic duct

At the edge of the oral cavity

Thymus

Storing good bacteria

True

False

True

True

True

True

True

False

True

True

Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantitis or elephantiasis, is a vectorborne disease caused by a filarial worm transmitted through mosquito bites.

There are different forms of elephantiasis, including nonfilarial elephantiasis (podoconiosis), elephantiasis nostras, and elephantiasis in cancer patients. These forms can be caused by chronic lymphatic obstructions.

Removing the spleen does not hinder lymphatic function.

The lymphatic system functions to transport lymph throughout the body and helps the body fight off infection through its close connection with immunity.

The three types of lymphatic tissue are diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, and lymphatic organs.

The submental/submaxillary lymph nodes are found in the floor of the mouth and drain lymph from the nose, lips, and teeth.

The two major lymphatic ducts are the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. The right lymphatic duct drains the upper right quadrant of the body, while the thoracic duct drains the remaining 75 percent of the body: everything below the diaphragm, the left arm, and the left side of the head, neck, and thorax.

The three main sets of tonsils are the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids, the palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsils. The adenoids can be found on the wall of the nasopharynx, the palatine tonsils are located at the edge of the oral cavity or on the palate of the mouth, and the lingual tonsils are present on each side of the root of the tongue.

The spleen is located below the diaphragm on the left side of the abdomen. Its main functions include detecting antigens and providing defense against pathogens, producing monocytes and lymphocytes, destroying red blood cells and platelets, filtering and storing blood, and transferring excess plasma from the blood to the lymphatic system.

The thymus is located in the mediastinum (area between the lungs) and neck region. It aids in the production of lymphocytes and serves as the site of maturation for T-cells.

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT), lymphatic nodules, and lymphatic follicles

false

submental/submaxillary region, cervical region, axillary region, and inguinal region

skin

podoconiosis

filarial

right lymphatic

thoracic

spleen

thymus

Submental/submaxillary lymph nodes = Nose, lips, and teeth Cervical lymph nodes = Neck and head Axillary lymph nodes = Arm and upper thorax Inguinal lymph nodes = Legs and genitals

Transportation = Network of vessels and nodes that transport lymph throughout the body Immunity = Helps the body fight off infection Storage = Stores lymph in clumps of tissue called lymph nodes Adaptive immunity = Facilitates adaptive immunity through secondary or peripheral lymph organs

Amount of lymph the system filters daily = 2500 to 2800 milliliters Number of lymph nodes in the body = Up to 600 Major contributors to lymph production = Liver and small intestine

Tonsils = Clusters of lymph nodes embedded at the base of the pharynx Spleen = Largest lymphatic organ, detects antigens and provides defense Thymus = Located in the mediastinum and neck region, aids in the production of lymphocytes Peyer's Patches = Small masses of lymphatic tissue found in the ileum of the small intestine

Right lymphatic duct = Drains the upper right quadrant of the body Thoracic duct = Drains the remaining 75 percent of the body

Swollen Glands = Occurs as a result of infection, may include tenderness and pain LAM = Rare disease causing muscle-like cells to grow in certain organs or tissues Edema = Excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid Hodgkin's Lymphoma = Malignancy of the lymph nodes

Pharyngeal tonsils = Found on the wall of the nasopharynx Palatine tonsils = Located at the edge of the oral cavity Lingual tonsils = Present on each side of the root of the tongue

Elephantitis Lymphatic filariasis = Bitten by a mosquito infected with a filarial worm Nonfilarial elephantiasis = Chronic lymphatic obstructions Elephantiasis nostras = Chronic lymphatic obstructions Elephantiasis in cancer patients = Cancer

Edema = Condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body Fibrosis = The thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury Vectorborne disease = A disease caused by pathogens that are transmitted by vectors like mosquitoes, ticks, etc. Filarial worm = A type of parasitic worm that causes a variety of diseases in humans

Anatomy/Immune System = Study of the body's defense system Lymphatic System on Khan Academy = Online course about the lymphatic system Lymphatic Training Handout/PPT = Educational material for training on the lymphatic system Primary and Secondary Lymphatic Tissue = Study of the main types of lymphatic tissue

Spleen

Filtration of waste products

Superior

Excretion

700-800 ml

External sphincter

30 mL

True

True

False

True

False

False

False

The primary functions of the kidney in the excretory system are filtration, secretion, and reabsorption of water, solutes, and waste products.

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

The kidneys are located in the superior lumbar region, with the right kidney slightly inferior due to crowding by the liver.

The five regions of the nephron are the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and collecting duct.

The three main processes involved in urine production are filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

The approximate average urine volume for an adult in a day is around 1.5 liters.

Three disorders related to the kidneys mentioned in the text are kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and glomerulonephritis.

filtration, secretion

superior

adrenal

filtrate

bladder

urethra

compounds

Anatomy

reabsorption

kidney

kidneys

urine

urethra

wastes

Kidneys = Filter out waste such as urea from the blood Ureters = Transport urine from the kidneys Urinary Bladder = Stores urine until it is expelled Urethra = Exit point for urine from the body

Renal hilum = Where ureters, renal blood vessels, and nerves enter or exit the kidney Adipose capsule = Protects the kidneys and holds them in their positions Adrenal glands = Involved in the production of a variety of important hormones Nephron = Functional unit of the kidney involved in filtration, secretion, and reabsorption

Renal cortex = Outer part of the nephron Renal medulla = Inner part of the nephron Renal capsule = Fibrous, transparent covering of the kidney Adipose capsule = Fatty mass that protects the kidneys and holds them in their positions

PCT, Loop of Henle, and DCT = Comprise the renal tubule Renal tubule = Lined with microvilli to increase surface area Cortical nephrons = Located almost completely within the cortex Juxtamedullary nephrons = Found close to the boundary between the cortex and the medulla

Filtration = Passive process by which the filtrate is formed Reabsorption = Process of reclaiming useful substances from the filtrate Secretion = Used to move more substances into the filtrate Osmosis = Movement of water during the process of reabsorption

Bladder = A muscular sac that holds urine Urethra = Tube that connects the bladder to the genitals and transports urine out of the body Internal sphincter = Involuntary sphincter at the junction of the bladder and urethra External sphincter = Voluntary sphincter which is distal to the prostate in males, and just inferior to the internal sphincter in females

Urine = A waste product produced by the kidneys during the process of filtering the blood Nephron = Site of ion and water reabsorption, and where urine is produced Filtrate = Identical in composition to blood plasma without the proteins Peritubular capillaries = Reabsorb substances passed out of the tubules during the process of reabsorption