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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in a sense strand RNA virus?
What is the primary role of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in a sense strand RNA virus?
- To facilitate the attachment of the virus to the host cell
- To synthesize viral proteins directly from the capsid
- To replicate the viral genomic RNA (correct)
- To transcribe mRNA from the RNA genome
How does the genome of a sense strand RNA virus behave in relation to mRNA?
How does the genome of a sense strand RNA virus behave in relation to mRNA?
- It requires a host DNA template for translation
- It is a double-stranded RNA and cannot be translated directly
- It is complementary to mRNA and needs to be transcribed first
- It is identical to mRNA and can be immediately translated (correct)
What occurs during the uncoating phase of the viral life cycle?
What occurs during the uncoating phase of the viral life cycle?
- The capsid is constructed from the viral proteins
- The virus attaches to the host cell's nucleus
- Viral RNA and proteins are released into the cytoplasm (correct)
- RNA replication is initiated by the host cell's enzymes
Why is a complementary - strand transcribed from the + strand of a sense strand virus?
Why is a complementary - strand transcribed from the + strand of a sense strand virus?
What is the initial step after the entry of a sense strand RNA virus into a host cell?
What is the initial step after the entry of a sense strand RNA virus into a host cell?
What enzyme initiates the production of dsRNA in double-stranded RNA viruses?
What enzyme initiates the production of dsRNA in double-stranded RNA viruses?
In which part of the host cell does the release of viral RNA and proteins occur after uncoating?
In which part of the host cell does the release of viral RNA and proteins occur after uncoating?
What type of viruses use RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for their replication?
What type of viruses use RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for their replication?
What role does the capsid play in the lifecycle of a double-stranded RNA virus?
What role does the capsid play in the lifecycle of a double-stranded RNA virus?
What is the first step in the multiplication process of RNA-containing viruses?
What is the first step in the multiplication process of RNA-containing viruses?
Which type of strand is produced by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the replication of a double-stranded RNA virus?
Which type of strand is produced by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the replication of a double-stranded RNA virus?
Which of the following describes the genetic material of retroviruses in relation to their replication process?
Which of the following describes the genetic material of retroviruses in relation to their replication process?
What must happen to the antisense strand before viral proteins can be synthesized?
What must happen to the antisense strand before viral proteins can be synthesized?
Which enzyme is responsible for the RNA replication of the viral genome?
Which enzyme is responsible for the RNA replication of the viral genome?
In what form is the genetic material of the antisense strand virus primarily structured?
In what form is the genetic material of the antisense strand virus primarily structured?
What happens to the viral RNA once it enters the host cell?
What happens to the viral RNA once it enters the host cell?
Why is it necessary to transcribe the – strand into a + strand?
Why is it necessary to transcribe the – strand into a + strand?
What is incorporated into the viral capsid during the virus assembly process?
What is incorporated into the viral capsid during the virus assembly process?
During the viral life cycle, what occurs immediately after entry into the host cell?
During the viral life cycle, what occurs immediately after entry into the host cell?
Which statement accurately describes the infectious mechanism of antisense strand viruses?
Which statement accurately describes the infectious mechanism of antisense strand viruses?
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Study Notes
Sense Strand RNA Virus
- Sense strand viruses contain a positive sense strand RNA genome similar to mRNA.
- Genome is replicated in the cytoplasm by a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
- The negative strand is transcribed from a copy of the positive strand and serves as a template for new viral RNA.
- The new positive strand RNA is translated into viral proteins in the cytoplasm.
Antisense Strand RNA Virus
- Antisense strand viruses contain a negative strand RNA genome.
- Viral RNA is transcribed from the negative strand into a positive strand (mRNA) in the cytoplasm of the host.
- This positive strand is then translated into viral proteins.
- The newly formed positive strand RNA is transcribed into additional negative strands, incorporated into new viral particles.
Double-Stranded RNA Virus
- Double-stranded RNA viruses contain a genome with both positive and negative strands.
- Both sense and antisense strands serve as templates for mRNA transcription.
- Replication takes place in the cytoplasm with viral RNA polymerase.
- mRNA is transcribed from the positive strand inside the capsid and released into the cytoplasm for translation.
- The negative strand is used as a template to synthesize new viral RNAs.
Retroviruses
- Retroviruses contain a genome of RNA.
- They use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA genome into a DNA copy.
- This DNA copy is integrated into the host cell's genome.
- The integrated viral DNA is then transcribed into new viral RNA molecules, which can be translated into viral proteins.
- The viral RNA is incorporated into capsids to form new viral particles.
Animal Virus Life Cycle
- Attachment: Viruses attach to the cell membrane with specific receptors.
- Penetration: Entry through endocytosis or fusion.
- Uncoating: Release of the viral genome from its capsid.
- Biosynthesis: Production of nucleic acid and proteins (replication and transcription).
- Maturation: Assembly of new viral particles from newly synthesized components.
- Release: Escape from the host cell by budding, export, or lysis.
DNA Viruses
- DNA viruses contain a genome of DNA.
- Their DNA may be replicated in the nucleus or cytoplasm, depending on the virus.
- Viral DNA is transcribed into mRNA by host cell RNA polymerase.
- The mRNA is translated into viral proteins in the cytoplasm.
- New viral particles are assembled from the newly synthesized viral proteins and DNA.
Viral Genomes
- Sense strand: + strand, same sequence as mRNA, can be directly translated.
- Antisense strand: - strand, complementary to mRNA, cannot be directly translated.
- Viral RNA polymerase: This enzyme is responsible for replicating viral RNA.
- Translation: The process of converting mRNA into a protein.
Multiplication of DNA Virus
- DNA viruses replicate their DNA genome by using host cell enzymes.
- New viral proteins are produced using host cell ribosomes.
- These proteins join to the newly synthesized DNA to form new viral particles.
- These new viruses are then released from the host cell.
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