RNA Structure and Central Dogma
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Questions and Answers

What is the sugar molecule found in RNA?

  • Deoxyribose
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Ribose (correct)

    • What is the first step in the central dogma?

  • Translation
  • Transcription
  • Replication (correct)
  • Protein synthesis

    • Where does transcription occur?

  • Golgi apparatus
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoplasm

    • What is the function of rRNA?

    <p>Makes up a large part of the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acids are coded for by the genetic code?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA?

    <p>Brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sequence of three nucleotides that code for amino acids?

    <p>Codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 3' prime hydroxyl group of tRNA?

    <p>Amino acid attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between RNA and DNA?

    <p>RNA is double-stranded, whereas DNA is single-stranded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

    <p>It synthesizes RNA nucleotides from the 5' prime to the 3' prime direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of translation?

    <p>A polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mRNA?

    <p>To carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of creating proteins from DNA?

    <p>The central dogma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the genetic code?

    <p>To determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of tRNA?

    <p>A cloverleaf structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the mRNA after it leaves the nucleus?

    <p>It travels to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nitrogenous base found in RNA instead of thymine?

    <p>uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of RNA synthesis during transcription?

    <p>5' prime to 3' prime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?

    <p>mRNA (messenger RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain?

    <p>peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of creating a copy of DNA?

    <p>replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the mRNA after it is translated into protein?

    <p>degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sequence of nucleotides that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein?

    <p>codon sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stop codons in translation?

    <p>terminate translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    RNA: Structure and Function

    • RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) consists of a triad of sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate.
    • The sugar in RNA is ribose, whereas in DNA it is deoxyribose.
    • RNA does not have thymine, instead, it has uracil.
    • RNA is single-stranded, unlike DNA which is double-stranded.

    The Central Dogma

    • The central dogma is the process of creating proteins from DNA.
    • The steps involved are:
      • Replication: DNA is copied into a new DNA molecule.
      • Transcription: DNA is converted into RNA.
      • Translation: RNA is converted into protein.

    Transcription

    • During transcription, DNA is converted into mRNA.
    • The process occurs in the nucleus.
    • mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores and travels to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
    • The enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA nucleotides from the 5' prime to the 3' prime direction.

    RNA Types

    • There are three main types of RNA:
      • mRNA (messenger RNA): carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
      • rRNA (ribosomal RNA): makes up a large part of the ribosome.
      • tRNA (transfer RNA): brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

    Translation

    • Translation occurs in the ribosome.
    • The process involves the synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
    • Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain.
    • There are 20 amino acids that are coded for by the genetic code.
    • Each amino acid has a three-letter and one-letter abbreviation.

    Codons and Amino Acids

    • Codons are sequences of three nucleotides that code for amino acids.
    • The sequence of codons determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
    • The genetic code is degenerate, meaning that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.
    • There are three stop codons that terminate translation: UAA, UAG, and UGA.

    tRNA and Amino Acid Activation

    • tRNA has a cloverleaf structure with a 5' prime phosphate and a 3' prime hydroxyl group.
    • Amino acids are attached to the 3' prime end of tRNA.
    • The enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase charges and activates tRNA with amino acids.
    • The process requires ATP.

    RNA: Structure and Function

    • RNA consists of sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate, with ribose as the sugar component.
    • Thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA, unlike in DNA.
    • RNA is single-stranded, unlike the double-stranded structure of DNA.

    The Central Dogma

    • The central dogma involves the creation of proteins from DNA through three main steps:
      • Replication: copying DNA into a new DNA molecule
      • Transcription: converting DNA into RNA
      • Translation: converting RNA into protein

    Transcription

    • During transcription, DNA is converted into mRNA in the nucleus.
    • mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores and travels to the cytoplasmic ribosomes.
    • RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA nucleotides in the 5' to 3' prime direction.

    RNA Types

    • There are three main types of RNA:
      • mRNA: carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
      • rRNA: makes up a large part of the ribosome
      • tRNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation

    Translation

    • Translation occurs in the ribosome, synthesizing proteins from amino acids.
    • Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain.
    • There are 20 amino acids coded for by the genetic code, each with three-letter and one-letter abbreviations.

    Codons and Amino Acids

    • Codons are sequences of three nucleotides that code for amino acids.
    • The sequence of codons determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
    • The genetic code is degenerate, with multiple codons coding for the same amino acid.
    • There are three stop codons that terminate translation: UAA, UAG, and UGA.

    tRNA and Amino Acid Activation

    • tRNA has a cloverleaf structure with a 5' prime phosphate and a 3' prime hydroxyl group.
    • Amino acids are attached to the 3' prime end of tRNA.
    • The enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase charges and activates tRNA with amino acids, requiring ATP.

    RNA: Structure and Function

    • RNA consists of sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate, with ribose as the sugar component.
    • Thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA, unlike in DNA.
    • RNA is single-stranded, unlike the double-stranded structure of DNA.

    The Central Dogma

    • The central dogma involves the creation of proteins from DNA through three main steps:
      • Replication: copying DNA into a new DNA molecule
      • Transcription: converting DNA into RNA
      • Translation: converting RNA into protein

    Transcription

    • During transcription, DNA is converted into mRNA in the nucleus.
    • mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores and travels to the cytoplasmic ribosomes.
    • RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA nucleotides in the 5' to 3' prime direction.

    RNA Types

    • There are three main types of RNA:
      • mRNA: carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
      • rRNA: makes up a large part of the ribosome
      • tRNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation

    Translation

    • Translation occurs in the ribosome, synthesizing proteins from amino acids.
    • Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain.
    • There are 20 amino acids coded for by the genetic code, each with three-letter and one-letter abbreviations.

    Codons and Amino Acids

    • Codons are sequences of three nucleotides that code for amino acids.
    • The sequence of codons determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
    • The genetic code is degenerate, with multiple codons coding for the same amino acid.
    • There are three stop codons that terminate translation: UAA, UAG, and UGA.

    tRNA and Amino Acid Activation

    • tRNA has a cloverleaf structure with a 5' prime phosphate and a 3' prime hydroxyl group.
    • Amino acids are attached to the 3' prime end of tRNA.
    • The enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase charges and activates tRNA with amino acids, requiring ATP.

    RNA: Structure and Function

    • RNA consists of sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate, with ribose as the sugar component.
    • Thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA, unlike in DNA.
    • RNA is single-stranded, unlike the double-stranded structure of DNA.

    The Central Dogma

    • The central dogma involves the creation of proteins from DNA through three main steps:
      • Replication: copying DNA into a new DNA molecule
      • Transcription: converting DNA into RNA
      • Translation: converting RNA into protein

    Transcription

    • During transcription, DNA is converted into mRNA in the nucleus.
    • mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores and travels to the cytoplasmic ribosomes.
    • RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA nucleotides in the 5' to 3' prime direction.

    RNA Types

    • There are three main types of RNA:
      • mRNA: carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
      • rRNA: makes up a large part of the ribosome
      • tRNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation

    Translation

    • Translation occurs in the ribosome, synthesizing proteins from amino acids.
    • Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain.
    • There are 20 amino acids coded for by the genetic code, each with three-letter and one-letter abbreviations.

    Codons and Amino Acids

    • Codons are sequences of three nucleotides that code for amino acids.
    • The sequence of codons determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
    • The genetic code is degenerate, with multiple codons coding for the same amino acid.
    • There are three stop codons that terminate translation: UAA, UAG, and UGA.

    tRNA and Amino Acid Activation

    • tRNA has a cloverleaf structure with a 5' prime phosphate and a 3' prime hydroxyl group.
    • Amino acids are attached to the 3' prime end of tRNA.
    • The enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase charges and activates tRNA with amino acids, requiring ATP.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and function of RNA, including its composition and differences from DNA, as well as the central dogma process of creating proteins from DNA.

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