RNA and Protein Synthesis Overview

A highly toxic protein from the castor oil plant, lethal in small doses with no antidote.

A segment of DNA that encodes instructions for building RNA or protein products.

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

Messenger RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

The process where ribosomes decode the information in mRNA to produce proteins.

A cellular structure where protein synthesis occurs, made up of rRNA and proteins.

Transfer RNA that carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation, matching anticodons to codons.

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a single amino acid or stop signal during translation.

The set of rules by which information encoded in mRNA is translated into proteins, consisting of 64 codons.

The specific codon (AUG) that signals the start of translation, also coding for methionine.

Codons that signal the termination of translation, indicating where the protein synthesis ends.

RNA that forms the core of the ribosome's structure and catalyzes protein synthesis.

Non-coding sequences within a gene that are removed during RNA processing.

Coding sequences that are retained in mRNA after splicing and contribute to the final protein product.

The process by which different combinations of exons are joined together to produce different proteins from the same gene.

A sequence of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of mRNA for stability and export from the nucleus.

A DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription of a gene.

The enzyme that synthesizes RNA by linking RNA nucleotides together based on a DNA template.

A bond formed between amino acids during protein synthesis, linking them into a polypeptide chain.

Permanent changes in a DNA sequence that can affect gene function or protein production.

A type of mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by another in the DNA sequence.

A mutation caused by a deletion or insertion that shifts the entire reading frame of codons.

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the beta globin gene, leading to abnormal hemoglobin structure.

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, composed of four polypeptides.

Organisms whose cells have a nucleus and organelles, including RNA processing in the nucleus.

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, where transcription and translation happen simultaneously.