RMT MCQ Exit Exam Questions

Abdominopelvic Regions

• Umbilical Region: Centermost area, deep to umbilicus.
• Epigastric Region: Located above the umbilical region (epi = upon, gastri = belly).
• Hypogastric Region: Located below the umbilical region, also known as the pubic region (hypo = below).
• Right & Left Iliac Regions: Lateral to hypogastric region, known as inguinal region; iliac refers to superior part of the hip bone.
• Right & Left Lumbar Regions: Lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus = loin).
• Right & Left Hypochondriac Regions: Lateral to the epigastric region, deep to ribs (chondro = cartilage).

Anatomical Terminology

• Anatomical Position: Standard position for anatomical reference to describe relationships between structures.
• Coronal Plane: Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior), also termed frontal plane.
• Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right halves; parasagittal planes are offset from the center.
• Median Plane: Also known as midsagittal plane, lies exactly in the midline.
• Transverse Plane: Divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Muscle Functions

• Antagonist: Muscles that work against prime movers, providing resistance.
• Synergist: Assists prime movers by adding force or reducing unnecessary movements.
• Fixator: Stabilizes bones or muscle origins to aid prime mover efficacy.

Movements

• Flexion: Bending movement in the sagittal plane that decreases joint angle.
• Extension: Straightens a flexed limb, increasing the joint angle.
• Hyperextension: Movement beyond the anatomical position.
• Abduction: Movement away from the midline along the frontal plane.

Anatomy and Physiology

• Acetabulum: Cup-shaped cavity in the hip bone that receives the femur.
• Reactivity Issues: Refers to changes in study participants' behavior due to being observed.
• Recall Bias: Participants’ tendency to distort historical information, leading to inaccurate data.
• Statistical Significance: Indicates results are unlikely due to chance.

Immune System and Cellular Biology

• Autolysis: Self-digestion of cells, especially dead ones.
• Hypersensitivity: Excessive immune response to harmless antigens.
• B Lymphocytes: Cells that manage humoral immunity, differentiating into plasma cells for antibody production.

Digestive System

• Accessory Digestive Organs: Include tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver; not part of the alimentary canal.
• Alimentary Canal: Continuous hollow tube from mouth to anus involved in digestion.

Hormonal and Neurological Aspects

• Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter released by nerve endings.
• Acetylcholinesterase: Enzyme that degrades acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions.
• Action Potential: Abrupt changes in membrane potential that transmit nerve signals.

Structural Elements

• Cervical Vertebrae: Seven vertebrae in the neck region.
• Capillaries: Smallest blood vessels where exchanges occur between blood and tissues.
• Cerebrospinal Fluid: Protective fluid surrounding the CNS.

Other Key Concepts

• Aldosterone: Hormone regulating sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by kidneys.
• Basal Lamina: Noncellular structure involved in skin disorders, consists of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells.
• Bone Resorption: Process of removing osseous (bone) tissue.

Abdominopelvic Regions

• Umbilical Region: Centermost area, surrounding the navel.
• Epigastric Region: Superior to the umbilical region; 'epi' means above.
• Hypogastric Region: Inferior to the umbilical region; also known as the pubic region; 'hypo' means below.
• Right & Left Iliac Regions: Lateral to the hypogastric region; also known as inguinal regions.
• Right & Left Lumbar Regions: Lateral to the umbilical region; 'lumbus' refers to the loin.
• Right & Left Hypochondriac Regions: Lateral to the epigastric region; deep under the ribs, 'chondro' refers to cartilage.

Anatomical Orientation

• Anatomical Position: Standard body position for consistent descriptions of structure.
• Coronal Plane: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections; also called the frontal plane.
• Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right halves; parasagittal planes are offset from the midline.
• Median Plane: Known as midsagittal plane; lies exactly in the midline.
• Transverse Plane: Also called horizontal plane; divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

Body Cavities

• Dorsal Body Cavity: Protects the nervous system; subdivided into cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord) cavities.
• Ventral Body Cavity: Larger and anterior cavity; includes thoracic and abdominopelvic subdivisions; houses viscera.
• Cranial Cavity: Located in the skull; encases the brain.
• Vertebral/Spinal Cavity: Within the vertebral column; encloses the spinal cord.

Nervous System and Cranial Nerves

• Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs total; first two attach to the forebrain, others associate with the brainstem; serve head and neck.
• CN IV (Trochlear): Innervates an eye muscle; injury can cause double vision.
• CN V (Trigeminal): Largest cranial nerve; supplies face sensation and motor functions for chewing; injury may lead to trigeminal neuralgia.
• CN VI (Abducens): Primarily motor functions; injury results in inability to move the eye laterally.

Joint Types and Movements

• Condyloid Joint: Biaxial movement; allows flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; examples include knuckle and wrist joints.
• Gliding Movement: Occurs between flat bone surfaces; allows back-and-forth and side-to-side motion at intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

Study and Research Concepts

• Abstract: Summary of research highlighting objectives and findings.
• Analytic Study: Quantitative and experimental in nature.
• Before-After Treatment Design: Compares baseline measures before and after treatment.
• Case-Control Study: Observational study analyzing past exposure and outcomes.
• Clinical Trial: Experimental study with random assignment of treatments.
• Cohort Study: Follows a defined group over time based on exposure status.
• Control Group: Receives no treatment; serves as a comparison for the experimental group.

Biological Concepts

• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Energy storage molecule used by bodily cells.
• Anabolism: Building phase of metabolism requiring energy; combines simpler substances into complex ones.
• Antigen: Foreign substance recognized by the immune system; activates immune response.
• Apoptosis: Controlled cell death process for unneeded or damaged cells.

Essential Terminology

• Fascia: Dense irregular connective tissue; aids in the compartmentalization of muscle groups and connects structures.
• Atom: Smallest unit exhibiting properties of an element; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Research and Statistics Terminology

• Hypothesis: A highly specific statement that can be tested for truth or falsehood through empirical data collection and analysis.
• Intention to Treat: A statistical approach that includes all originally enrolled participants, regardless of whether they completed the study.
• Internal Validity: Refers to a study's ability to establish causal relationships between variables.
• Intervention Study: Also termed an experimental or treatment study, this involves testing the effects of a treatment or intervention.

Study Methodologies

• Iterative Process: Involves repeated development or refinement through multiple cycles.
• Literature Review: A critical examination of existing research studies focused on a specific topic.
• Longitudinal Study: Known as a cohort study, it examines subjects over a prolonged period.

Statistical Concepts

• Margin of Error: Indicates the potential error in survey results, typically presented as a range (e.g., ±4%).
• Mean: The arithmetic average computed by dividing the sum of scores by the number of scores.

Biological and Physiological Terms

• Autoimmunity: The process where the immune system produces antibodies or T cells that attack the body’s own tissues.
• Autolysis: A self-digestion process that occurs in dead or degenerate cells.
• Axon: The part of a neuron that transmits impulses away from the nerve cell body, constituting the conducting segment of a nerve cell.

Immune Responses and Digestive Processes

• Hypersensitivity: An exaggerated immune response to harmless antigens.
• Absorption: The process by which digested nutrients pass through the gastrointestinal wall into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
• Accessory Digestive Organs: Include the tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver; they play roles in digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal.

Chemical Transmitters and Processes

• Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter released by certain nerve endings.
• Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine to terminate its action at neuromuscular junctions.
• Acidosis: A condition characterized by elevated hydrogen ion concentrations in extracellular fluid.

Physical Exercises and Injuries

• Closed Chain Exercise: Involves fixed distal limbs while the trunk or proximal segment moves (e.g., squatting).
• Concentric Exercise: Involves muscle shortening while generating tension against resistance.
• Contracture: An abnormal shortening or hypomobility of a structure preventing normal flexibility.
• Contusion: Results from a direct blow causing bruising without skin break, marked by swelling and pain.

Conditions and Syntheses

• Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disorder affecting exocrine glands, leading to lung infections and pancreatic issues.
• Chronic Bronchitis: Persistent bronchial inflammation with a productive cough lasting three months or more, seen in recurrent cases.
• Emphysema: A chronic lung disease involving inflammation and destruction of air sacs, impairing airflow.

Neurological and Cardiovascular Terms

• Embolus: A dislodged blood clot transported through the bloodstream, potentially causing vessel occlusion.
• Plasma Cell: A cell derived from activated B lymphocytes that produces antibodies.
• Atlectasis: A condition marked by alveolar collapse or incomplete lung expansion.

Other Key Terms

• Basal Metabolic Rate: The energy expenditure rate at rest, measured after fasting for 12 hours.
• Bolus: A rounded mass of chewed food ready for swallowing.
• Blood Brain Barrier: A selective semi-permeable barrier preventing the passage of substances from the bloodstream to brain tissue.

Organ Structures

• Alimentary Canal: A continuous tube running from the mouth to the anus, comprising the digestive tract.
• Brain Stem: Contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla, which are vital for autonomic functions and relaying signals between the brain and spinal cord.

Muscle Actions and Types

• Antagonist: Muscles opposing a movement, working against prime movers by providing resistance, located on opposite sides of joints.
• Synergist: Assists prime movers by offering additional force for the same movement and reducing unwanted movements.
• Fixator: Stabilizes the origin of prime movers, maintaining posture and providing a stable base for movement.

Joint Movements

• Flexion: Bending motion decreasing the angle between articulating bones along the sagittal plane.
• Extension: Increases the angle between articulating bones, typically straightens a limb; hyperextension occurs when movements exceed anatomical position.
• Abduction: Movement away from the midline, such as raising an arm laterally or spreading fingers/toes.

Anatomy Terms

• Acetabulum: Cuplike cavity in the hip bone that receives the femur, formed by three bones and positioned inferolaterally.
• Condyloid Joint: Biaxial joints allowing flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; examples include metacarpophalangeal joints.

Nervous System

• Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs, with the first two attached to the forebrain; responsible for head and neck functions, except vagus which extends to the abdomen.
• CN IV - Trochlear: Innervates extrinsic eye muscles; injury leads to double vision and limited eye rotation.
• CN V - Trigeminal: Largest cranial nerve, supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to chewing muscles; inflammation causes trigeminal neuralgia.
• CN VI - Abducens: Primarily a motor nerve; injury results in the inability to move the eye laterally.

Muscle and Tissue Types

• Fascia: Dense irregular connective tissue that compartmentalizes muscles and connects various body structures.
• Flat Bone: Thin, flattened bones, such as the sternum, scapulae, ribs, and skull bones.

Movement Types

• Gliding Movement: Occurs when nearly flat bone surfaces slide over one another, as seen in intercarpal joints.

Biochemistry and Physiology

• Amino Acids: Organic compounds serving as building blocks of proteins.
• Amylase: Enzyme aiding in the digestion of starches.
• Anemia: Condition characterized by reduced oxygen-carrying capacity in blood due to low erythrocytes or faulty hemoglobin.
• Autoregulation: Local adjustment of blood flow based on the needs of a specific body area.
• Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, a fluid-filled sac.

Structural Pathologies

• Adhesions: Abnormal connections of collagen fibers caused by immobilization or trauma, restricting normal elasticity.
• Burns: Tissue damage caused by heat, chemicals, or radiation, resulting in denaturation of cell proteins.

Hormonal and Cellular Functions

• Calcitonin: Hormone from the thyroid that lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting release from bones.
• Osteoclasts: Cells involved in bone resorption, participating in continuous bone remodeling.

Nutritional Compounds

• Carbohydrate: Organic compounds that include starches, sugars, and cellulose.
• Catabolism: Breakdown of substances into simpler molecules within living cells.

Respiratory and Blood Functions

• Apnea: Cessation of spontaneous breathing.
• Embolus: A clot or thrombus that travels through the bloodstream, potentially causing vessel occlusion.

Miscellaneous

• Plasma Cell: Activated B lymphocyte that secretes antibodies.
• Bile: Produces in the liver; aids in digestion, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine.
• Blood-Brain Barrier: Mechanism that restricts passage of substances from blood to brain, ensuring brain capillary impermeability.