Rizal's Life and Travels: Midterm Exam Review

• The presentation provides pointers to study for a midterm exam.
• The exam consists of multiple-choice questions, and erasures are not allowed.

Review Topics

• Batas Rizal (Lesson 1)
• Ang Panahon ni Rizal (Lesson 2)
• Ang Pamilya at Kabataan ni Rizal (Lesson 3)
• Ang Edukasyon ng Pambansang Bayani (Lesson 4)
• Ang Unang Paglalakbay ni Rizal (Lesson 5)

Video Clips for Review

• Lihim ng Pamilya Rizal (I-Witness)
• Rizal's Family History (Mighty Magulang c/o Ayala Foundation)
• Mga Pahina ng Kasaysayan (Rizal part only) (I Witness)
• Mga Batchmates ni Rizal (Mighty Magulang)

Rizal's First Trip Abroad (1882-1887)

• The objectives of Rizal's travels are to discover the reasons for his journey, to value his contributions to becoming a hero, and to learn from his experiences.

Framework of Discussion

• The places that Rizal visited relate to history, the development of Filipino nationalism, and Filipino culture, which all have implications.

Rizal's Travels

• He traveled to Singapore on the way to Spain in 1882
• He traveled to Hong Kong on the way to Europe in 1887
• Rizal went home twice
• He was exiled and lived in Dapitan
• Rizal traveled from Barcelona to Cuba but was arrested on the way back to Manila

People Who Knew About Rizal's Secret Departure to Europe

• His siblings Paciano, Saturnina, and Lucia
• Uncle Antonio Rivera, the father of Leonor Rivera
• Leonor Valenzuela and the Valenzuela Family
• Pedro Paterno
• Mateo Evangelista, a close friend
• Jose Ma. Cecilio (Chengoy)
• Jesuit priests of Ateneo and some friends, including Agustin Saez

Reasons for the First Trip

• He wanted to continue his studies in ophthalmology
• There was a secret mission

Rizal's Departure

• To keep it a secret, Rizal stayed in Calamba
• Friends in Manila arranged for his needs for departure
• Paciano gave his brother Php356
• Rizal left early, went to Neneng's house, but she was still asleep
• Someone promised to give him a diamond ring
• He went to Lucia’s place next
• He went to Biñan to change carriages
• Jose Mercado was on his passport
• He also said goodbye to the Jesuit priests at Ateneo
• He received a letter of recommendation to Barcelona
• He said goodbye to Pedro Paterno
• He said goodbye to Leonor Valenzuela, whose mother gave him biscuits and chocolate to take with him
• Rizal left on the Salvadora on May 3, 1882 and was the only Filipino among 16 passengers

Rizal's Secret Journey

• May 9, 1882: Rizal was in Singapore
• May 17, 1882: Rizal was in Colombo, Ceylon
• June 11, 1882: Rizal was in Naples, Italy
• June 12, 1882: Rizal was in Marseilles, France
• June 15, 1882: Rizal was in Barcelona, Spain

Singapore

• Rizal travelled to Singapore

Dyemnah

• Languages used include English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Malay, Siamese, and Filipino.
• French was the common language
• May 17, 1882, the ship was at Point Galle which was described as quiet and sad
• May 18, the ship stopped in Colombo, Ceylon, and was considered more elegant than Point Galle, Manila, and Singapore.

First Time at the Suez Canal

• May 28, 1882, he crossed the Indian Sea to Cape Guardafi, Africa
• The coast of Africa was described as unpleasant but well-known
• The moonlight was truly captivating
• It took 5 days to cross the Suez Canal

Italy

• June 11, 1882, he arrived in Naples.
• He was amused by the city's commerce, lively locals, and beautiful scenery.
• He visited Mount Vesuvius and the Castle of San Telmo.

France

• The ship docked on a June evening
• He visited Chateau D'If, where Dantes, the protagonist of The Count of Monte Cristo, was imprisoned
• He stayed there for 2 1/2 days
• On June 15, he left by train to Spain

Barcelona

• He arrived on June 16, 1882
• There was freedom and liberalism, and people were open-minded and brave.
• He stayed at the Hotel de España with Tomas Cabangis
• He began wandering Las Ramblas
• He wrote "Amor Patrio"
• He received a letter from Paciano that many were dying in Manila and nearby areas due to cholera
• Chengoy wrote that Leonor Rivera became sad and lost weight

Countries Visited During Rizal's First Trip

• Spain (Barcelona and Madrid)
• France (Paris)
• Germany (Berlin, Heidelberg, Leipzig, Dresden)
• Traveled with Maximo Viola
• Leitmeritz and Prague - Czech Republic
• Dresden, Germany
• Vienna, Austria
• Geneva, Switzerland
• Vatican and Rome

Education at Universidad Central de Madrid

• He left Barcelona for Madrid in the fall of 1882

• Rizal enrolled on November 3, 1882

• He studied medicine and philosophy and writing

• Studied painting and sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando

• He also took private classes in French, German, and English

• He visited galleries and museums and continued reading

• From November 20-22, 1884, Rizal experienced a bloody demonstration led by students of the Central University, including Cuban, Mexican, Peruvian, and Spanish students.

• The reason was the foreword of Dr. Miguel Morayta, professor of History, where he declared "Freedom of science and teachers..."

• It was supported by faculty and students

• In the academic year 1884-1885, he passed all subjects for a Doctorate of Medicine.

• He was awarded the degree of Licensed in Medicine on June 21, 1884, by the Universidad Central de Madrid.

• He could not present the required thesis and had not paid his debts, so he was not given a diploma as a doctor.

• Rizal also finished his studies in Philosophy and Letters with high grades

• Rizal was awarded the degree of Licensed in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 19, 1885 (his 24th birthday).

• He became qualified to be a professor of humanities at any university in Spain

• With his degree in Medicine, he could practice Medicine

• He did not think about getting a Doctorate in Medicine because with the degree in philosophy and writing, it could only be used for teaching

• In a letter dated November 26, 1884, he wrote to his family, "My doctorate is of little value to me... because although it is useful to become a professor at a university, I still believe that they (Dominican friars) will not dare to take me as a Professor."

First Visit to Paris (1883)

• He was on summer vacation from Madrid
• He stayed from June 17 to August 20, 1883
• He stayed at the Hotel de Paris
• He toured the beautiful sights and visited museums (Louvre), botanical gardens (Luxembourg), libraries, art galleries and hospitals (Laennec Hospital and Lariboisiere Hospital)
• The French in Paris often mistook him for Japanese
• "Paris is the most expensive capital in Europe”

Madrid

• He also practiced fencing and shooting at the Hall of Arms of Sanz and Carbonell

• He learned to budget money and time

• He would buy lottery tickets as a vice

• Vacant hours are spent reading and writing, visiting fellow Filipino students at the home of the Paternos (Antonio, Maximo, and Pedro Paterno)

• He also sometimes went to Antiguo Café de Levante to chat with students from Cuba, Mexico, and Argentina

• Every Saturday night, he visited the home of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey, the former mayor of Manila under the administration of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre, with his children Rafael and Consuelo

• He joined the Hispanic-Filipino Circle

• He wrote the poem - Mi Piden Versos (They Asked Me for Verses) which he recited during the celebration of the Filipinos of Bisperas of the New Year in Madrid, 1882

• He saved money to buy second-hand books, thus he was able to build a collection of books

• Uncle Tom's Cabin by Beecher Stowe and The Wandering Jew by Eugene Sue had a great influence

• March (1883), he joined Masonry, Acacia in Madrid

• He wanted to seek help from the Freemasons to fight the friars in the Philippines

• Later he joined the Solidarity Lodge (Madrid) where he became Chief Mason on November 15, 1890

• February 15, 1892, he was awarded a diploma as Chief Mason of Le Grand Orient de France in Paris

Rizal's Financial Memory

• After Rizal left for Spain, the rice and sugarcane harvests failed, there was drought and attacks by locusts on their land, and the manager of the Dominican hacienda increased the rent of the land

• Due to hardship, the money sent to Rizal was often late, sometimes none at all

• Once, Paciano was forced to sell Rizal's horse so that he could send him money

• June 25, 1884, because Rizal had no money, he could not have breakfast, his stomach was empty but he still entered the university, joined a competition in Greek and won a gold medal; that night he had dinner because he was a guest speaker for Juan Luna and Felix Resurrreccion-Hidalgo in the English Restaurant, Madrid

Toast to the Genius of Luna and Hidalgo

• The banquet was for Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo last June 25, 1884

• The event was held at the National Exhibition of Art in Madrid

• Luna won the 1st prize for his Spolarium painting

• Hidalgo won the 2nd prize for his Virgenes Christianas Expuestas al Populacho painting

• Rizal delivered the speech with a clear voice as a celebration of the triumph of Spain and the Philippines

• Genius is universal

• “genius has no country, genius sprouts everywhere, genius is like light, air, the patrimony of all, cosmopolitan like space, like life, like God"

Paris, France (1885-1886)

• He went to Paris and Germany to specialize in ophthalmology

• He was 24 years old

• He became an assistant to famous oculists

• On the way to Paris, he first passed through Barcelona to visit his friend Maximo Viola, a medical student and a member of a wealthy family from San Miguel, Bulacan

• In November 1885, he lived in Paris for four months

• He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, a leading French ophthalmologist from November 1885 – February 1886

• He spent time at Juan Luna's studio

• Rizal modeled for a few of Luna's paintings

• Paz Pardo de Tavera's album contains drawings that Rizal made

Germany (1886-1887)

• His tour included Heidelberg, Berlin, and Leipzig

Heidelberg

• February 1, 1886, he went to Germany, and on February 3, he arrived in Heidelberg

• The students discovered that he was good at chess, they made him a member of the Chess Players Association

• He became popular here because he participated in their games and duels as well as drinking beer

• Every Saturday and Sunday he visits the beautiful scenery in Heidelberg; he saw his favorite flower - forget-me-not

• Rizal moved his residence near the University of Heidelberg

• A Las Flores de Heidelberg or For the Flowers of Heidelberg

• Rizal moved his residence near the University of Heidelberg

• He worked at the Eye Hospital of the University, under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker, and attended his lectures and those of Prop. Wilhelm Kuehne

• He practiced ecumenism - Catholics and Protestants worshiped in the same church

• He spent 3 months in Wilhelmsfeld, a mountainous town of Heidelberg

• He stayed at the rectory of a virtuous Protestant Pastor Dr. Karl Ullmer, who became a good friend and admirer

• He continued writing Noli Me Tangere

• On June 25, 1886, Rizal sadly left his home and returned to Heidelberg

• He said about his leaving for Germany

• August 14, 1886, he attended a lecture on history and psychology at the University of Leipzig

• He became friends with Professor Friedrich Ratzel, a famous German historian, and Dr. Hans Meyer, a German anthropologist

• Rizal translated Schiller's William Tell and Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales into Tagalog for his niece

• He became a proofreader because of his knowledge of German and Spanish

Dresden

• He arrived on October 29
• He met Dr. Adolph Meyer, Director of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology, and stayed in the city for 2 days
• He experienced a very beautiful mass according to him
• On November 1, he left for Berlin

Berlin

• Rizal was fascinated because of the developed field of science and the lack of racial prejudice

• He met Dr. Feodor Jagor, a famous traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines for the first time Dr. Jagor introduced Dr. Rudolf Virchow, a famous German anthropologist, his son Dr. Hans Virchow, professor of anatomical autonomy; Dr. W. Joest, a famous German geographer

• He worked in the clinic of Dr. Carl Ernest Schweigger

• At night he attended lectures at the University of Berlin

• He became a member of the Anthropological Society and the Geographical Society

• He lectured at the Ethnographic Society of Berlin in April 1887 on the Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metric Art)

Reasons for Living in Germany

• To expand knowledge in ophthalmology

• To improve the study of sciences and languages

• To observe the political and economic situation in Germany

• To meet famous German scientists

• To publish his novel - Noli Me Tangere

• He practiced German, French, and Italian

• Madame Lucie Cerdole, a private teacher in French

• He visited the countryside around Berlin

• He observed the good manners, clothes, homes, and farm work in the countryside of Berlin

• He was very happy to stroll along Unter den Linden, a popular place for young people to go in Berlin

• He witnessed the making of "Christmas Tree"

• March 11, 1886, he wrote to Trinidad to express his high regard and admiration for German women (hardworking, serious, educated and friendly; not gossipy, showy and quarrelsome like Spanish women).

• "While you are young, strive to learn to read, and learn. You must not allow yourself to be defeated by laziness because you will pay dearly for it."

Challenges in Berlin

• The saddest winter was in 1886, he was suffering because he had no money to receive from Calamba.
• He pawned the diamond ring given by his sister Saturnina
• He could not pay the rent of the house, he only ate once (a piece of bread, water or cheap vegetable soup), his clothes were ragged and he washed himself because of the lack of money to pay the laundry; impoverished and shivering from the cold
• His body was weakening, coughing and he was afraid that he had contracted tuberculosis

Travel with Maximo Viola in 1887

• Paciano sent P1,000 through Juan Luna who was in Paris
• Rizal paid Viola P300 of his debt for the printing of Noli and still had enough money left over
• They first visited Potsdam, a city near Berlin
• May 11, 1887, early in the morning when traveling by train
• According to Viola, Rizal's luggage included all the letters he received from his family and friends

Dresden

• They happened to be at the regional exposition of flowers and Rizal was interested in botany
• They visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, who was happy to see them
• Rizal visited the Museum of Art and was amazed by the painting Prometheus Bound
• At the exposition of the flowers they saw Dr. Feudor Jagor
• Next they went to Teschen (now Decin, Czech Republic)

Meeting of Rizal and Blumentritt

• May 13, 1887, 1:30 in the afternoon, the train reached the station
• Blumentritt greeted them with Rizal's drawing to recognize his friend
• Blumentritt helped them get a room at the Hotel Krebs, and then took them to his house to meet his family
• They stayed in Leitmeritz from May 13-16, 1887

Memories of Leitmeritz

• Blumentritt's wife, Rosa, cooks well and whom Rizal was very fond of
• Blumentritt's Children - Dolores (called Dora or Dorita by Rizal), Conrad and Fritz
• Blumentritt invited them to a beer garden with the most delicious beer, they discussed the construction of the railway in the area
• He met the burgomaster (mayor); Rizal spoke to him in German, which greatly impressed him
• Rizal and Viola were invited by the Tourist Association of Leitmeritz
• Blumentritt drew a picture of Rizal to remember the happy moments in their home
• Blumentritt introduced Dr. Carlos Czepelak, a Polish scholar, and Prop. Robert Klutschak - naturalists
• They hosted dinner on the last night Rizal and Viola were there
• May 16, 9:45 in the morning, Rizal and Leitmeritz left by train
• In a letter, Rizal told Blumentritt that he had left his diamond pin at the Hotel Krebs

Prague

• They carried a letter of recommendation from Blumentritt to Dr. Willkomm – Professor of Natural History of the University of Prague, who received them well
• They visited the tomb of Copernicus, Museum of Natural History, Bacteriology Laboratory, prison of San Juan Nepomuceno and the bridge where he was thrown

Vienna

• He arrived on May 20, 1887
• Capital of Austria-Hungary, made famous by song and story; "Queen of the Danube"
• He met Norfenfals, one of the best novelists in Europe at the time
• In Vienna, his missing diamante pin was returned
• Masner and Nordmann, Austrian Scholars who were friends of Blumentritt, were also introduced
• He left on May 24 on a boat to see the whole of the Danube River, while on the boat Rizal noticed the use of paper napkins by those on board
• They traveled to Salzburg to Munich

Rheinfall

• They stopped for a moment to taste Munich Beer - the most delicious in all of Germany
• Nuremburg - witnessed the exquisite torture devices and instruments of punishment during the Inquisition; also known for the doll industry
• From Nuremberg they headed straight to Ulm - has the largest and tallest cathedral

Geneva, Switzerland

• The group then traveled to Rheinfall

• From Rheinfall, they crossed the border to Schaffhausen, Switzerland

• Stayed for 2 days (June 2-3, 1887)

• After visiting the beautiful scenery in Lausanne, Rizal and some companions rode a boat to cross Lake Leman to Geneva

• Rizal celebrated his 26th birthday with Viola

• After 15 days in Geneva, on June 23 Viola returned to Barcelona and Rizal continued his journey to Italy

• Rizal received news about the exposition in Madrid where the pitiful condition of the Igorots was shown

• Rizal was very angry about the incident

• Expressed his sentiments to Blumentritt regarding the exhibition

• Rizal agreed with the exposition though he hated the display of natives.

Back to Italy

• Visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence
• June 27 when they reached Rome - City of the Caesars
• June 29, feast of San Pedro and San Pablo when he visited the Vatican, the "City of the Popes" and capital of Kakristiyanuhan
• He wrote to Blumentritt of his weariness from traveling
• After a week in Rome he was ready to go home to the Philippines, he wrote this to his father