Rizal's Exile and Community Project in Dapitan

• Students are expected to identify the factors that led to Jose Rizal's exile.
• Students are expected to explain the community project Rizal initiated while in exile in Dapitan.

Reasons Rizal was sent to Dapitan

• The Gaceta De Manila published the story of arrested.
• Rizal’s charges included publishing books and proclamations of doubtful loyalty to Spain during his voluntary exile, which some considered anti-Catholic and anti-friar.
• Rizal was also charged with introducing such materials into the archipelago.
• Hours after Rizal’s arrival in the Philippines, a bundle of printed leaflets entitled ‘Pobre Frailes’ was found in his packages.
• Rizal's book "El Filibusterismo" was dedicated to Gomes, Burgos, and Zamora, praising them as martyrs.
• The book suggested that the Philippines' salvation lay in separation from Spain, due to the vices and errors of the Spanish administration.
• Rizal was also charged with seeking to decatholicize the Philippines.
• Padre Pablo Pastells, of the Jesuit mission in the Philippines, said Rizal could stay with Father Obach in Dapitan, under the condition that Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning religion and make statements clearly supporting Spain and against revolution.
• Rizal was asked to perform the church rites and confess his past life and to conduct himself in an exemplary manner.
• Rizal did not agree to the conditions and was placed in the home of Commandant Capt. Ricardo Carnicero.
• Rizal had to report once a week, but was otherwise given freedom.
• Carnicero assured the governor-general in repeated letters that Rizal was not involved in any insurrectionary programs, and that he desired only reform as a friend of the Spanish government.
• Rizal desired to secularize the friars, reform the administration, and promote primary instruction.
• He also wanted to give control of the country’s affairs equally to Spaniards and Filipinos.
• Rizal desired to make the administration moral and create schools of arts and crafts in the capitals of the provinces with over 16,000 inhabitants.

Rizal’s Life in Dapitan

• On September 21, 1892, a lottery ticket no. 9736 jointly owned by Capt. Carnicero, Dr. Rizal and Francisco Equilior, won the second price of p20,000.
• Rizal's share of the winning lottery ticket was p6,200.
• He gave p2,000 to his father and p200 to his friend Basa in Hong Kong, investing the rest in agricultural lands along the coast of Talisay.
• Rizal never indulged in hard liquor or smoking, but was a lottery addict, spending three pesetas monthly on tickets.
• Father Pastells assigned Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Rizal's favorite teacher, to Dapitan.
• He was the only Spanish priest to have defended Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere in public.
• Although Rizal and Fr. Sanchez argued over theology, Sanchez assisted Rizal in beautifying the town plaza.
• Members of Rizal's family visited him, starting in August 1893, to ease his loneliness.
• His visitors included his mother, sisters Trinidad, Maria, and Narcisa, and nephews Teodisio, Estanislao, Mauricio, and Prudencio
• He built his house by the seashore of Talisay, surrounded by fruit trees, including another house for his schoolboys and a hospital for his patients.
• Rizal described having three houses: one square, one hexagonal, and one octagonal, all made of bamboo, wood, and nipa.
• In the square house lived his mother, sister Trinidad, a nephew, and himself; in the octagonal lived his boys whom he taught arithmetic, Spanish, and English; and in the hexagonal lived his chickens.

Rizal as Physician

• Rizal practiced medicine in Dapitan, often giving free medicine to poor patients.
• He operated on his mother's right eye, which caused infection when she removed the bandages prematurely.
• The infection was fortunately arrested.
• Rizal's fame as a physician, particularly an eye specialist, drew patients from various parts of the Philippines and even from Hong Kong.

Rizal's Water System

• Rizal held the title of expert surveyor (Perito Agrimensor), obtained from Ateneo.
• In Dapitan he constructed a system of waterworks to furnish clean water to the townspeople.
• Rizal succeeded in giving a good water system to Dapitan without any aid from the government.

Rizal's Community Projects

• Rizal improved Dapitan to the best of his God-given talents.
• Rizal drained swamplands to eliminate malaria.
• The p500 he received from an English patient was used to equip the town with coconut oil lamps.
• Rizal remodeled the town plaza with Father Sanchez, enhancing its beauty enough to rival the best in Europe.

Rizal as Teacher

• Rizal's exile allowed him to implement his educational ideas by establishing a school.
• In 1893, he founded a school, which operated until the end of his exile in July 1896.
• The school's enrollment increased from three pupils to 16, and later 21.
• The pupils did not pay tuition, but worked in his garden, fields, and construction projects in the community.
• Rizal taught the boys reading, writing, languages, geography, mathematics, industrial work, nature study, morals, and gymnastics.
• Outside class hours, Rizal encouraged them to play games such as gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, stone-throwing, swimming, arnis, and boating.

Contributions to Science

• Rizal built a rich collection of conchology during his four-year exile in Dapitan, containing consisting of 346 shells representing 203 species.
• Rare specimens were discovered and named after him, including Draco rizali and Rhacophorus rizali.

Linguistic Studies

• As a linguist, Rizal continued his language studies, learning Bisaya, Subanon, and Malay in Dapitan.
• By April 5, 1896, Rizal could speak Bisayan quite well.
• Rizal knew 22 languages including Tagalog, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanon, Latin, Spanish, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and Russian.

Artistic Works

• As an artist, Rizal contributed his painting skills to the Sisters of Charity who were preparing the sanctuary of the Holy Virgin.
• In 1894, he modeled a statuette representing the mother-dog killing the crocodile by way of avenging her lost puppy and called it "The Mother's Revenge".
• Other sculptures made in Dapitan included a bust of Father Guerrico, a statue called "The Dapitan Girl", a woodcarving of Josephine Bracken.

Rizal as Farmer

• In Dapitan, Rizal bought 16 hectares of land in Talisay, where he built his home, school, and hospital and planted cacao, coffee, sugarcane, coconuts, and fruits trees.
• Later, his holdings reached 70 hectares, containing 6,000 hemp plants, 1000 coconut trees, and numerous fruit trees, sugarcane, corn, coffee and cacao.
• Rizal introduced modern agricultural methods to Dapitan farmers and imported agricultural machinery from the United States.

Rizal as Businessman

• On May 14, 1893, Rizal ventured into business with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan Merchant.
• He focused on fishing, copra, and hemp industries.
• Rizal planned to improve the fishing industry in Dapitan
• Rizal instructed Hidalgo to help him buy a big net for trawl fishing and send him two Calamba fishermen.
• He organized the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers on January 1, 1895, to break the Chinese Monopoly on business in Hemp.
• The association aimed “to improve the farm products, obtain better outlets for them, collect funds for their purchase and workers to establish a store for prime commodities at moderate prices.”

Rizal’s Inventive Ability

• In 1887 Rizal invented a cigarette lighter he called "sulpukan”, while in Calamba.
• Its mechanism was based on compressed air.
• In Dapitan Rizal invented a wooden machine for making bricks.
• This machine could manufacture about 6,000 bricks daily.

Rizal and Josephine Bracken

• Josephine Bracken, an Irish girl, came to Dapitan.
• No ophthalmic specialist in Hong Kong could cure Mr. Taufer's blindness, so Mr. Taufer and Josephine sought Rizal's service.
• Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other at first sight and agreed to marry after a whirlwind romance of one month.
• Mr. Traufer flared up in violent rage when he heard of the marriage and tried to commit suicide, but Rizal intervened.
• Mr. Traufer returned alone in Hong Kong, while Josephine stayed with Rizal’s family.
• The couple lived happily in Dapitan and despite the unfortunate prematurebirth and death of heir baby, considered it to be a haven.

Rizal and the Katipunan

• While Rizal was mourning the death of his son, Andres Bonifacio was showing the seeds of an armed uprising through the Katipunan, founded on July 7, 1892
• Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent to Rizal in Dapitan to tell him about the Katipunan and the revolution.
• Rizal was against the revolution for two reasons, the people were not ready, and arms and funds had not yet been collected

Volunteers as Military Doctor in Cuba

• Rizal Wrote to Gov. General Ramon Blanco in December 1895, offering his services as a Medic in Cuba.
• Ramon Blanco granted Rizal's request to go to Cuba, and Rizal wrote poetry while enjoying his freedom

Adios Dapitan

• Rizal’s four-year exile ended on July 31, 1896.
• At midnight, he boarded the steamer España.
• Many Dapitan locals bid him goodbye.
• Rizal wrote of his last day in Dapitan.

Learning Objectives

• Students are expected to identify the factors that led to Jose Rizal's execution.
• Students are expected to analyze the effects of Jose Rizal's execution on Spanish colonial rule and the Philippine Revolution.

Rizal’s Trial and Execution

• Dr. Blumentritt wrote from Bohemia concerned about the epidemic of yellow fever in Cuba and the lack of doctors.
• Rizal asked Governor General Blanco for permission to go to Cuba.
• Rizal was to become to volunteer physician in Cuba's government hospitals.
• On July 30,1896, Governor-General Ramon Blanco let Rizal go to to Cuba.
• Rizal left Dapitan on the midnight of July 31, 1896.
• On September 3, 1896, he embarked towards Barcelona, Spain.
• Rizal boarded the steamer Isla de Panay.
• Governor-General Despujol told Rizal that there were commands to return to Manila.
• Rizal was arrested in the Mediterranean Sea.
• When Isla de Panay reached Singapore, Pedro B. Roxas and Captain Camus tried to convince Rizal to step ashore and save his life, but he refused.
• When the Isla de Panay reached Suez, a cable ordered Rizal’s arrest and return to Manila.
• On November 3, 1896, Rizal reached Manila under heavy guard and was imprisoned in Fort Santiago.

Preliminary Investigation

• On November 20, 1896, the investigation on Rizal began.
• Rizal was informed of the charges against him before the Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive.
• Rizal was interrogated without knowing who testified against him.
• Presented before him was documentary and testimonial evidence, of which there were 15.
• The documentary evidences included letters of Antonio Luna, Marcelo del Pilar, Carlos Oliver, Dimasalang, Ildefonso Laurel, Rizal Segundo Areliano, and other documents plus a Poem and transcripts of speeches.
• Testimonial evidences consisted of oral proofs.
• Dominguez transmitted the records to Don Nicolas de La Pena for an opinion.
• Recommendations included: Rizal’s immediate trial and imprisonment, ordering that his properties be attached, requiring the payment of one million pesos, and requiring that the defense was led by an army officer.
• Rizal chose Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade as his lawyer, who had a brother that worked as Rizal’s body guard in Calamba in 1887.
• On December 11th, 1896, the charges were read in the presence of counsel.
• On December 15, Rizal wrote a letter of controversy, denouncing bloody struggle and promoting education.

Rizal's Defense

• On December 26, 1896, the court martial commenced.
• Rizal was not allowed to know the people who witnessed against him.
• Atty. Alcocer reiterated the charges against Rizal, after Judge Advocate Dominguez opened the trial.
• The three crimes accused were rebellion, sedition, and illegal association, each carrying prison sentences and peseta fines.
• Rizal read his own defense and listed 12 points that proved his innocence.
• Rizal was against rebellion as Valenzuela testified, no revolutionary elements were present, Rizal's name was used without his consent, and Rizal could have abandoned his exile.
• The revolutionists could have consulted him, Rizal wrote the La Liga’s bylaws (a civic group vs Katipunan revolution).

Rizal's Execution

• The Diaz court found Rizal guilty, sentencing him to be to be shot in musketry until death at 7 o'clock in the morning of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan.
• December 29, 1896, the day of his scheduled execution, Dominguez read before him the official notice.
• Rizal was immediately transferred to the prison chapel.
• Trinidad was given the alcohol lamp containing the poem, Mi Ultimo Adios.
• Early on December 30, 1896, Rizal made a confession and received communion from Fr Balaguer.
• Rizal and Josephine Bracken were blessed husband and wife by Fr. Balaguer, then the defendant ate breakfast and autographed some memorabilia before composing a final letter to his family.
• By 6:30 am, Rizal marched to Bagumbayan but refused to be blindfolded.
• Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo noted Rizal’s vital signs were normal.
• Before the firing squad fired and killed Rizal, he had turned to face the firing squad and uttered "Consummatum est (It is finished.)”