Rizal Law and Course Overview

Rizal Law and Course Overview

• Republic Act 1425, or the Rizal Law, mandates teaching Rizal's life, works, and writings in all Philippine schools
• Senator Jose P. Laurel sponsored the Rizal Law.
• Rizal considered Filipino nationality's founder and the nation's architect.

Objectives of Rizal Law

• Rededicate youth to freedom and nationalism ideals.
• Pay tribute to Rizal for shaping the Filipino character.
• Gain patriotism through Rizal's life, works, and writings.

Goals in Teaching Rizal Course

• Recognize Rizal's ideals' relevance to present community issues.
• Apply Rizal's ideas to contemporary life problems.
• Develop an understanding and appreciation of Rizal's qualities and character.
• Foster moral character, discipline, citizenship, and vocational efficiency among youth.

Jose Rizal: The American-Sponsored Hero

• Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was chosen as an American-sponsored hero
• Rizal is recognized for being a man of peace rather than war.
• He pioneered Asian nationalism
• A hero is defined as a prominent figure in remarkable events, distinguished in valor, or honored for exceptional service, as per Webster's Dictionary.

Taft Commission's Role

• The Taft Commission of 1901 asserted that the Filipino people did not choose Rizal to be their national hero.
• The decision to sponsor Rizal was enacted through legislations by the Philippine Commission.
• Act # 137 organized a politico-military district into the province of Rizal.
• Act # 243 authorized public subscription for a Rizal monument in Luneta.
• Act # 345 designated Rizal's death anniversary as a day of observance.
• Agoncillo (1986) noted that Rizal was Americans' acceptable national hero because of being a symbol of assimilation (the American policy in the Philippines then).

Perspectives on Rizal's Hero Status

• Some Filipinos believe Rizal was a "made-to-order" national hero.
• Americans, particularly Civil Governor William Howard Taft, influenced Rizal's status.
• Rizal, his people, and foreigners contributed to making him the greatest hero and martyr.
• Constantino said Rizal's acceptability as the official hero was due to his death before American aggression, the absence of anti-American quotations, and his dramatic martyrdom representing Spanish oppression.
• Constantino (1969) said Rizal discerned historical problems and social needs and actively met them and consciously articulated the unconscious course of events, serving the Filipino people.
• Guerrero (1998) asserts Filipinos chose Rizal as a symbol of nationalism.
• Filipinos prefer peace, magnifying a man of peace over men of war.
• Filipinos value freedom and justice, worshipping a man who sacrificed comforts.
• Filipinos prize virtue over victory and sacrifice above success.

Rizal as the First Filipino

• Rizal was the first to call the Philippines his fatherland.
• He taught Filipinos they could be something more, members of the Filipino nation.
• Rizal first worked towards the unification of the Philippines into a compact, homogenous body based on common interests and mutual protection.
• Rizal was born when other Asian nationalist leaders were born: Mohandas Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, and Sun Yat-Sen.
• According to Coates (1968), all four challenged the West.
• Rizal was the most remarkable, having his ideas matured at an early age.
• De Ocampo (1969) notes Rizal was the first exponent of Asian nationalism who inspired the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
• Fisher (1962) called Rizal the Pioneer Exponent of Liberal Democracy in Asia.
• The worth and dignity of the individual.
• The inviolability of human rights.
• The innate equality of all men and races.
• The necessity for constitutional government.
• Due process of law.
• Popular sovereignty as the basis of all political authority.
• Faith in human reason and enlightenment.
• The rights of the masses to public education.
• Belief in social progress through freedom.
• Rizal was the first Asian leader to assert that democracy should be established in Asia for Asians' benefit.
• The basic tenets of modern and social democracy were given a major voice in Asia through Rizal.
• Rizal deserves to be called the First Asian Nationalist Leader.

Four Major Periods in Rizal's Life

• First Period (1861-1872):
• The young Rizal learned to read and write and developed imaginative and critical thinking.
• The values of industriousness, creativity, rationality, and dignity were developed.
• Second Period (1872-1882):
• Rizal enrolled at Ateneo Municipal at age 11, despite his mother's objection, which marked turning point.
• The unjust execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora affected him deeply.
• Strengthening of Rizal's religious foundation.
• Cultivation of excellence.
• Conception of the Philippines as his fatherland.
• Envisioning the Philippines receiving light through education.
• Perception of the intimate between religion and education.
• Third Period (1882-1892):
• Rizal left the Philippines to escape persecution, the second turning point.
• Rizal observed and learned everything in Europe.
• He urged Filipinos in Spain to prove they could compete with Europeans in intellect and talent.
• Rizal participated in the Propaganda Movement in Europe.
• Fourth Period (1892-1896):
• The last turning point before Rizal's martyrdom on December 30, 1896.
• Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, where he demonstrated what an individual could accomplish.
• He detached from politics and devoted time to practical service in the community.

Criteria for Choosing the Philippine National Hero

• Must be a Filipino
• Must already be dead
• Must have immeasurable love for the country
• Has a low temper, like Filipinos are emotional
• Died in a dramatic manner

Candidates Considered for National Hero

• Graciano Lopez-Jaena (1856-1896):
• From Jaro, Iloilo.
• Filipino journalist and orator.
• Revolutionary from Iloilo.
• Founder and editor of La Solidaridad.
• Died of tuberculosis on Jan 20, 1896, in Barcelona, Spain.
• Marcelo H. del Pilar (1850-1896)
• Jose P. Rizal (1861-1896):
• Born in Calamba, Laguna.
• Filipino polymath and foremost Filipino Patriot.
• Wrote the Noli and Fili.
• Founder of La Liga Filipina.
• Executed by the Spanish on Dec 30, 1896, in Bagumbayan.
• Emilio Jacinto (1875-1899):
• Born in Trozo, Tondo on Dec 15, 1875.
• Filipino revolutionary, "The Brain of the Katipunan."
• Studied in San Juan de Letran College; then in UST.
• Writer using the name Dimasilaw.
• Contracted malaria and died in Magdalena, Laguna in April 16, 1899.
• Antonio Luna (1866-1899):
• Born October 29, 1866, in Urbiztondo, Binondo, Manila.
• Filipino pharmacist and wrote for La Solidaridad.
• Revolutionary and Brigadier-general who fought in the Philippine-American War.
• Killed by fellow Filipinos on June 5, 1899.

Reasons for Choosing Rizal

• Rizal was the first Filipino to unite the country to revolt against Spain via his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
• Rizal was an example of peace.
• Filipinos are sentimental or emotional.

Republic Act No. 1425 (Rizal Law)

• Includes courses on Jose Rizal's life, works, and writings, especially his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, in all public and private schools, colleges, and universities.
• Collegiate courses must use the original or unexpurgated editions or English translations as basic texts.
• Schools, colleges, and universities must keep adequate copies of the original and unexpurgated editions and Rizal's other works and biography in their libraries.
• The Board of National Education will determine the adequacy of book numbers.
• The Board of National Education will translate Rizal's works into English, Tagalog, and other Philippine dialects, print them in cheap editions, and distribute them for free through Purok organizations and Barrio Councils.
• Nothing in this Act repeals section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code about religious discussion in public schools.
• The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is authorized from the National Treasury to carry out the Act's purposes.
• The Act takes effect upon its approval. Approved: June 12, 1956.

Proponents of the Rizal Law

• Sen. Claro M. Recto (1890-1960):
• The main proponent of Rizal Law.
• Filipino politician, jurist, poet, and one of the foremost statesmen.
• Known for nationalism and patriotic convictions on modern political thought.
• Sen. Jose P. Laurel:
• On April 17, 1956, proposed Senate Bill 438 to study Rizal's life and works.
• Chairman, Senate Committee on Education.
• SENATE BILL 438
• Intended to make Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo compulsory reading in all public and private colleges and universities.
• Congressman Jacobo Z. Gonzales:
• On April 19, 1956, filed House Bill No. 5561, a similar bill, in the House of Representatives.
• It was opposed due to constitutionality and religiosity concerns.

Opponents of the Rizal Law

• Sen. Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo:
• Emphasized the coexistence of being Catholic and Filipino, with love for both country and faith.
• Cautioned against creating conflict between nationalism and religion/government and church.
• Sen. Decoroso R. Rosales:
• Argued compulsion to read against religious convictions impairs freedom of speech and religion based on the US Supreme Court.
• Sen. Quintin Paredes.
• Jesus Paredes:
• Radio commentator who stated that since parts of the novels were "objectionable," Catholics could refuse to read them to avoid "endangering their salvation”.
• Narciso Pimentel Jr.
• Radio Commentator: Claimed the bill was Recto's revenge against Catholic voters for his poor showing in the 1955 senatorial elections. Rufino Cardinal Santos:
• The Catholic Action of Manila (CAM) launched campaigns against the bill.
• Published daily issues of their official publication, Sentinel.
• Encouraged Catholics to write to Senators and Congressmen to reject the Rizal Bill. Sen. Lorenzo Tanada. Reasons for Opposition:
• Rizal's novels are "anti-Catholic”.
• Rizal is a Freemason, which constitutes excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church.
• It teaches heresy and violates freedom of conscience in its unexpurgated version.
• The Catholic hierarchy wants an expurgated version in class and the unexpurgated version locked away in school libraries.
• Catholic schools will close and threaten to "punish" erring legislators if the Rizal Law is enacted.
• Only 25 of 333 pages of Noli Me Tangere are nationalistic, while 120 passages are anti-Catholic.
• 170 lines from Noli Me Tangere and 50 lines in El Filibusterismo were offensive to Catholic doctrine.

Why Rizal's Novels are "Anti-Catholic"

• The friars are negatively portrayed.
• Padre Damaso: An abrasive friar and Maria Clara's father.
• Padre Sibyla: A cunning yet clever friar.
• Padre Salvi: Infatuated with Maria Clara and framed Crisostomo Ibarra.
• Padre Camorra: Lustful and attempted to rape Julî.
• Padre Irene: Continued Kapitan Tiago's opium addiction and forged his last will and testament.
• Padre Millon: A professor who publicly humiliates his students.
• Rizal criticized the Church's Medieval ways, including excommunication, indulgences, and miracles.
• Rizal pointed out excesses like lavish fiestas and processions.
• Rizal criticized the friars' meddling in state affairs and ordinary people's lives.

Themes in Chapters of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

• Chapter XXXIV - The Dinner (Noli Me Tangere):
• Highlights a friar's insult to Filipinos and cruel comments about Ibarra's father, leading to Ibarra striking the friar.
• Chapter IX - Local Affairs (Noli Me Tangere):
• Describes the old priest is discussing the power of friars
• Chapter XVIII - Legerdemain (El Filibusterismo):
• A magic show reveals a tragic story exposing Padre Salvi's past crimes, leading to his collapse.
• Chapter XXX - Juli (El Filibusterismo):
• Juli's desperation leads her to enter the convento, after which she dies by suicide.
• Chapter II - On the Lower Deck (El Filibusterismo):
• Describes Basilio's concern for Capitan Tiago's opium addiction.
• Chapter XIII - The Class in Physics (El Filibusterismo):
• Placido Penitente is humiliated by his professor.
• Chapter XL - Right and Might (Noli Me Tangere):
• Ibarra learns about his excommunication.
• Chapter XVIII - Souls in Torment (Noli Me Tangere):
• Details the boasting of indulgences, meant to reduce time in purgatory.
• Chapter XIII - Merry Christmas (El Filibusterismo):
• Shows Juli's hope for a miracle to pay her father's ransom, leading to her tragic decision.
• Chapter XIV - Tasio: Lunatic or Sage (Noli Me Tangere):
• Features Tasio questioning the Catholic belief in purgatory.
• Chapter XLII - The Espadañas (Noli Me Tangere):
• The town fiesta's aftermath and the people's empty traditions.
• Chapter XXXVIII - The Procession (Noli Me Tangere):
• Tasio criticizing hypocrisy in religious processions and society.

Post-WWII Philippines

• Continued US dominance in politics, military, and economy.
• Filipinos kept fighting for real transformative social change.

Rizal's Life

• Born June 19, 1861, between 11-12 PM on Wednesday in Calamba, Laguna.
• Baptized at the Catholic Church by Father Rufino Collantes (godfather: Father Pedro Casanas).
• Father: Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo.
• Born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818.
• Studied at the College of San Jose, Manila.
• Died January 05, 1898.
• Mother: Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos.
• Born November 08, 1826, in Manila, Philippines.
• Studied at College of Sta. Rosa.
• Died: August 06, 1911. Names of Patrons:
• JOSE - Name of his mother's patron saint.
• PROTACIO - Name of patron of the calendar on the feast when San Protacio's feast fell on Jose's birthday.
• MERCADO - Spanish means 'market."
• RIZAL - Spanish means "Ricial" which means "green field".
• ALONZO - First surname of Donya Teodora Alonzo Realonda.
• REALONDA - The new surname of Donya Teodora when Governor-General Narciso Claveria implemented to change all surname/name of her godmother.

Rizal and Nationalism

• Education, civic identity, cultural pride, and peaceful reform characterize Rizal's theory of nationalism, laying the groundwork for Philippine independence.
• Nation: A community believing in shared cultural practices, language, religion, or historical experience.
• State: A political entity with sovereignty over a defined territory.
• Nation-State: A state governing a nation, fusing people, community, and territory.
• Nationalism: An ideology emphasizing loyalty and devotion to a country or nation.

Theories of Nationalism

• Primordialism: National identity always existed with "ethnic cores," embedded in biological attributes, history, or kinship causing conflict.
• Constructive Approach: Nationalism is socially constructed and imagined, maintained by deep horizontal comradeship (as per Benedict Anderson's imagined communities).
• Mass media constructs these "imagined communities" by unifying communication, standardizing languages, and maintaining communication, Nation: large group sharing culture, history, and territory.
• Bayan: From Banua, territory where people live or the actual community and/or encompasses both the spatial and imagined communities. 19th century economic, social, and political changes shaped Filipino nationhood:
• Liberal ideas from Europe encouraged Filipinos to challenge colonial rule.
• Execution of Gomburza and writings of José Rizal fueled nationalism.
• Ilustrados used literature and reform to push for Filipino identity.
• José Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano López Jaena led the Propaganda Movement.
• Andrés Bonifacio and Katipunan took direct action through revolution, laying the foundation for a unified Filipino nation.

The Divide: Nacion vs. Bayan

• Nacion reflects a Spanish concept tied to elite and educated classes influenced by European ideas.
• Bayan reflects an indigenous concept of community, centered on kinship and shared struggle rooted in local traditions.
• Spanish Colonial Policies and Division: -Spanish governance favored the ilustrados, deepening the divide between nacion and bayan.
• Education was accessible only to the elite.
• Ilustrados became a separate class.
• This influenced later nationalist movements.

Filipino Scholars

• Virgilio Enriquez developed Sikolohiyang Pilipino, actively working to establish it as a distinct field.
• Prospero Covar developed "Agham Panlipunang Pilipino".
• Zeus Salazar, known as the “Father of New Philippine Historiography."
• Kapwa is an important concept where one's affinity with another affects Filipino interaction.
• Its central concept supports unity and harmony in the community.
• Pantayong Pananaw separated the elite (nacion) from the folk masses (bayan) as a product of colonial experience needing national discourse.

Rizal's Famous Works

• Noli Me Tangere: Published in Spanish colonial times that indirectly contributed to national identity (touch me not)
• El Filibusterismo: Sequel to Noli Me Tangere, it explores themes of revolution and responsibility. (the reign of greed)
• Mi Ultimo Adios: Rizal penned his last farewell to the country on December 29,1896, which embodied selflessness and nationalism.
• Rizal as the Tagalog Christ.
• Parallelism between Jesus Christ and Jose Rizal.
• Both Jesus (J) and Jose (J) fulfilled a purpose, call, or mission.
• Both J&J were Asians, had brilliant minds, and had extraordinary talents.
• Both J&J were reformers, healers, nonviolent revolutionaries, and had followers.
• Both died at a young age and at the hands of their enemies.

Major Groups Venerating Rizal

• Adarnista:
• Founded by Candida Balantac (engkantada/InangAdarna) in 1901.
• Believe that God must have a Mother and that is the Virgin Mary.
• Sambahang Rizal (Rizal Church):
• Founded by Basilio Aromin in 1918.
• Teachings: Bible (Noli and El Fili) shows the doctrine and teachings of Rizal.
• The Sambahang Rizal conducts sacraments like baptism, confirmation, marriage, and ceremonies for the dead
• Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi:
• Founded by Philippine National Heroes and Arsenio de Guzman in 1911.
• Teachings: Rizal was the Christ and the "Messenger of God." - The "banal na tinig" informed that their guide was the spirit of Rizal.
• Suprema de la Iglesia de Cuidad Mistica de Dios Inc.
• (Supreme Church of the Mystical City of God)
• Founded by Naria Bernarda Balitaan (MBB) in 1920s

The Canonization of Rizal: Tracing the Roots of Rizalistas

• Rizalista: A religious movement believing in the divinity of José Rizal.
• Jove Rex Al: Latin name of José Rizal according to Rizalistas (God, King of All).
• Colorum: Term for secret societies against the colonial government.
• Canonization: Act of declaring a dead person as a saint.
• The earliest record of Rizal as a saint comes from the Philippine Independent Church (PIC), founded August 3, 1902.

Prominent People:

• Isabelo De Los Reyes: Founder of Iglesia Filipina Independiente; Father of Philippine Folklore, Labor Movement, and Filipino Socialism.
• Gregorio Aglipay: Co-founded the Philippine Independent Church; priest, fervent Filipino patriot, and leader of the revolution.
• Paula Carolina "Ayi" Guevara Santos Malay: Human rights advocate and defender, and author and translator of books about the Philippine Revolution.
• Paulina Malay's Observation.
• Banal: Founded on syncretic Christian, Islamic, and native beliefs knowns for "Banal dance."
• Pantay-Pantay: Revere Rizal as a deity.
• Colurum: Mix of the phrase "Colorum" + "Suecrola Saeculorum" which means Forever and Ever.
• Rizalina: Believe that Rizal is the supreme being and that he will return.
• Regular processions and rituals to the cemetery and they also believe in the Trinity & follow the commandments of the Bible.

Characteristics of groups according to belief:

• Regular barefoot processions to Rizal's monument in Legaspi City.
• A belief that Rizal is the reincarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu.
• A belief that Rizal will return to the Philippines on a white horse and lead the country to a new era of peace and prosperity.

Lesson 4: The Life of Jose Rizal

• Rizal Chinese Ancestry.

1. Early Chinese Contact and Settlement (9th Century - Pre-Spanish Period).

• They also introduced noodle-making (pancit) and other culinary techniques that became part of Filipino culture.
• Parian (Chinese Quarter): To monitor and control the Chinese, the Spanish established a walled ghetto called the Parian, near Intramuros

American and Japanese Occupation (1900-1945).

Why Are They Here?

The Chinese came to the Philippines for several key reasons:

1. Escape from Political Turmoil.
2. Family and Community Networks.

• Siang-co and Zun-nio, names that signified social respectability

• Recognized as a leader among the Chinese community in Biñan due to his intelligence, education, and business acumen.

• great great grandfather, decided to use Mercado as his surname in 1731 to match his profession being a merchant.

  José Rizal inherited industriousness, intellect, and resilience.
  

Rizal's Family

• Rizal's family background
• Rizal is known as the "Apostle of Philippine Freedom" for dedication to fighting for Filipino rights under Spanish rule.
• The historian leon Ma. Guerrero calls him "First Filipino” as among, for promoting national pride.
• Rizal was with black for 7th children of Rizal family.

Key figures and their characteristics in the file

Don Francisco Mercado Rizal (*Born May 11, 1818)

Wife Doña Teodora Alonzo Y Realonda

Paciano closest brother - the second family member -Joined the Philippine Revolution.

• Saturnina 1st to have his death anniversary

• Olimpia born in 1855 her nickname is Ypia

• *She becomes more and more in life every time

• Lucia did on July 3,41887

           • Maria born in 1859, given a nickname Biang. married 5kids
  

Childhood and Early Education

1 Born on June 19, 1860

• Mothers home, with a letter of Spanish, and his religious traditions at home

Early Education - His Mother first teacher

   - Enjoyed riding with black dog, Usman 

First Poem by Rizal

• first book: - To My Fellow Children with this
• Rizal boys and girls writing, Spanish Rizal’s mother help was the first and always first of this all

In Spain

• He met Dr. Louis de Wecker  and the technique mastered.
  

He worked through the language to his philosophies and all his high qualities his ideals, including:

• Uncle Tom's Cabin

From Japan with

Seiko Usui

Some Accomplishments & Journey

• May 03, 1882, had money from Paciano brother
• The 7 brothers
• Was The El Amor Patio

• Rizal has the world

Rizal in the Philippines made him a hero with that writing

• At April, he went to the U.S. and the ocean to Japan, an American steamboat

Major things

• Was 23yo in September and was with

• Seiko Usui taught at Spanish in Tokyo with people

• in 1889, was where he's at that time people in that town

He Wrote the

El filibusterismo in writing during a home event’ * He's from

• Was also there with the world ,the brother was always happy ,in his sister town

What happen here

• The best for him
• Rizal in the way to China at the point

The

• **Rizal family where his family was very important

Rizal was a victim

* * *

The great

• Noli me Tangere *where you can show their writings.

  What is

• Nation

A time to think

• Was to start drawing
• Was now ready to travel and more
• To live, to dream, to work at a good place

- In Japan, with someone’s brother

      Was that in there with the brother to China

• 1898 was were the ship.
• All of a sudden is that one was in the way of all and with all this things is with
• What ever would all was

RIZALS LATER TIME AT

IN SPAIN!

He wants, this

• Was The First *to join The brother was always helping

Rizal last word

-To family

• To see

The town was is how in the town

• He'd be was with

  • Joseph was the best ever

    • - To see her, love

• With that Was all to write •
• The Trial was
• What, did

They said he

• Was, is Was their

His own

Now, here the He can was

I am was.

• THE NINETEETH CENTURY

• Spain is that way, the past

His new wife has came at one

• That I was that it was on the way ,back

• The end

""*

• Was that to be or not"""

- RIZALS LATER YEARS

• It his first love He is the best He is that way is, if not