River Systems: Tributaries, Confluence, and Distributaries
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Questions and Answers

What is a tributary?

A tributary is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream, a main stream (or parent river), or a lake.

What is a confluence?

A confluence is the point where two or more bodies of water meet together.

What is a distributary?

A distributary is a river or stream that branches off the main stream and flows away.

In which figure is the River Hugli shown?

<p>Fig 1.29</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which river is depicted in Fig 1.26?

<p>The Büyük Menderes River</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is river bifurcation?

<p>River bifurcation is the phenomenon where a river divides into branches called distributaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What colour represents cultivable land, plateaus, deserts and plains on a topographical map?

<p>Yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

On a topographical map, which colour is used to denote forest areas or lowland areas?

<p>Green</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which colour is used to signify perennial lined wells, perennial streams, lakes and ponds, and water bodies in general on a map legend?

<p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do contour lines, their heights, and relief features like mountains get represented by on a map?

<p>Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which colour indicates dry streams and surveyed trees on a topographical map?

<p>Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

What colour is used to represent permanent huts, settlements, and cities on a map?

<p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Earth considered a unique planet?

<p>It is the only place in the known universe confirmed to host life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of a globe?

<p>To study the various aspects of the Earth in a three-dimensional model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a globe represent the Earth?

<p>A globe is a map printed onto a sphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What features can you study using a globe?

<p>The relative shapes and sizes of the continents, countries, and oceans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a map?

<p>A representation of the Earth or a portion of the Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which planet is the Earth from the Sun?

<p>The third planet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a plan?

<p>A sketch of a building, school, church, or house drawn to scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a map from satellite pictures and aerial photographs?

<p>A map is drawn to scale, providing greater accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the word 'map'?

<p>The word 'map' comes from the Latin word 'mappa'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cadastral map?

<p>A map that gives full details of properties and buildings drawn on a large scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two types of maps based on scale.

<p>Large scale maps and small scale maps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a large scale map.

<p>A plan of a village showing buildings and details.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you are facing the sun in the morning, which direction are you facing?

<p>East</p> Signup and view all the answers

What direction is behind you if you are facing east?

<p>West</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which direction does the Pole Star always indicate?

<p>North</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a scale on a map represent?

<p>The ratio between a distance on the map and the actual distance on land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of map shows detailed geographical features of a small area?

<p>Large scale map</p> Signup and view all the answers

What direction does your right hand point if you are facing east in the morning?

<p>South</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of scales mentioned?

<p>Verbal, Numerical Fraction, Graphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are bearings measured?

<p>In a clockwise direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are topographical maps used to show?

<p>Detailed features of an area, including natural features such as hills, valleys, and rivers, and man-made features such as buildings, roads, settlements and canals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scale difference between large scale and small scale maps?

<p>Large scale maps depict a smaller area with more detail, while small scale maps show a larger area with less detail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the first cartographers to compile maps into a book?

<p>Gerardus Mercator and Jodocus Hondius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly displayed in wall maps?

<p>Large areas of the Earth, often used for display purposes in offices and classrooms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of map would you find in a book used for educational purposes?

<p>Atlas maps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do political maps focus on showing?

<p>The boundaries and divisions of countries around the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a map's title?

<p>To identify the map.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four cardinal points?

<p>North, South, East, West.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of map shows international borders and state capitals?

<p>Political map.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map depicts physical features like mountains and rivers?

<p>Physical map.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a thematic map represent?

<p>Particular features like vegetation, distribution of minerals, industries, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of a map would you use to find directions?

<p>Directions or Cardinal points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which direction does the Earth rotate on its axis?

<p>From West to East</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four cardinal points?

<p>North, South, East, West</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tool do mariners use to find their direction over the ocean?

<p>Magnetic compass</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did compasses disguise as during World War II to help prisoners of war?

<p>Buttons and razor blades</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a compass is placed on a flat surface, in which direction does the needle point?

<p>North-South</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the four intermediate directions.

<p>North West (NW), North East (NE), South West (SW), South East (SE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of a river called?

<p>Source</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of a river are meanders typically formed?

<p>Middle course</p> Signup and view all the answers

What landform is created at the mouth of a river?

<p>Delta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of valley is formed in the upper course of a river?

<p>V-shaped valley</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one feature formed in the lower course of a river.

<p>Estuary or delta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drainage system?

<p>The area drained by a river and its tributaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of a river is associated with hydroelectricity production?

<p>Upper course</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'meander' refer to?

<p>A broad S-shaped loop or curve in a river</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who drew the map of the world in 150 CE?

<p>Claudius Ptolemy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the science of making maps called?

<p>Cartography</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some substitutes of maps mentioned in the text?

<p>Satellite images and aerial photographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do maps show a distorted picture of continents near the poles?

<p>Due to projections</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sketch used for?

<p>To give an idea of the location with the help of a drawing and arrows to show directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do maps help in modern communication?

<p>Maps are an essential part of modern communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding maps considered essential for everyone in modern times?

<p>Because maps are widely used for various purposes including GIS through computers and daily navigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of a map compared to the globe?

<p>A map shows only a part of the globe on a flat surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Rivers

  • A tributary is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream, main stream, or lake, and does not flow directly into a sea or ocean.
  • A confluence is the point where two or more bodies of water meet together.
  • A distributary is a river or stream that branches off the main stream and flows away, often found in river deltas, resulting from sediment buildup along the main channel.

Map Study

  • Maps are important tools in today's practical world, serving as storehouses of information.
  • Colors are used to represent different features on topographical maps, such as:
    • Yellow: cultivable land, plateaus, deserts, and plains
    • Green: forest areas or lowland areas
    • White: rocky areas or badland, hence uncultivable land
    • Blue: perennial lined wells, perennial streams, lakes, and ponds, water bodies in general
    • Brown: contour lines, heights, and relief features like mountains
    • Black: dry streams and surveyed trees
    • Red: permanent huts, settlements, cities
  • Symbols are used to represent features on maps, such as rivers, ponds, settlements, roads, and trees.

Types of Maps

  • Plan: A sketch of a building, school, church, or house, drawn to scale, giving an idea of a small area on a large scale with all necessary details.
  • Map: A representation of the Earth or a portion of the Earth drawn to scale on a flat surface, giving a good amount of information at a glance.
  • Types of Maps:
    • Large Scale Maps: Show a small area in great detail, e.g., topographical maps and city plans
    • Small Scale Maps: Show a larger area, often used for display purposes, e.g., wall maps and atlas maps

Compass Directions

  • The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
  • If facing the sun in the morning, you are facing east; west is behind you, and your left hand points north, while your right hand points south.
  • The Pole Star always points north and is visible in the sky, used to find direction.

Scales

  • A scale is a measuring line that shows the relationship between the distance between two places on a map and their actual distance on land.
  • Types of Scales:
    • Verbal or Statement Scale: Expressed in words, e.g., 1cm on the map represents 50km on the ground.
    • Numerical Fraction or Representative Fraction or R.F.: Expressed as a ratio, e.g., 1:50,000.
    • Graphic or Linear Scale: A line divided into equal parts, each part representing a certain distance on the ground.

Globe

  • A globe is a spherical model of the Earth, showing the relative shapes and sizes of continents, countries, and oceans.
  • The globe is the only accurate way of showing the three-dimensional model of the Earth.

History of Maps

  • The first attempts at collecting maps into a book were made by Gerardus Mercator and Jodocus Hondius in 1636.
  • The book featured a picture of Atlas, the Greek mythological giant, holding the Earth on its cover, leading to the naming of the book as an atlas.

Features Formed in Different Stages of a River

  • Upper Course: Fast-flowing, eroding the land, creating V-shaped valleys and waterfalls.
  • Middle Course: Slowing down, depositing sediment, creating meanders, oxbow lakes, and floodplains.
  • Lower Course: Slowing down even further, depositing a large amount of sediment, creating a delta.

Importance of Maps

  • Maps are essential for learning and an important tool of a geographer.
  • They are used by explorers, reference personnel, city architects, planners, weather-forecasters, motorists, traders, tourists, scouts, and guides.
  • Maps are also useful for students to gain knowledge of the world.

Disadvantages of Maps

  • Maps, though drawn to scale, become narrow near the Poles due to projections, showing a distorted picture of continents and countries sometimes.
  • Maps are a two-dimensional representation of the Earth's surface, showing only a part of the globe on a flat surface.

Directions

  • Cardinal Points: North, South, East, and West
  • Intermediate Directions: North West (NW), North East (NE), South West (SW), and South East (SE)
  • Directions help us study the phenomena of celestial bodies and find our location on a map or globe.

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Description

Learn about the different components of river systems, including tributaries, confluence, and distributaries. Understand their definitions and formations.

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