Questions and Answers
What is a tributary?
A tributary is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream, a main stream (or parent river), or a lake.
What is a confluence?
A confluence is the point where two or more bodies of water meet together.
What is a distributary?
A distributary is a river or stream that branches off the main stream and flows away.
In which figure is the River Hugli shown?
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Which river is depicted in Fig 1.26?
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What is river bifurcation?
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What colour represents cultivable land, plateaus, deserts and plains on a topographical map?
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On a topographical map, which colour is used to denote forest areas or lowland areas?
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Which colour is used to signify perennial lined wells, perennial streams, lakes and ponds, and water bodies in general on a map legend?
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What do contour lines, their heights, and relief features like mountains get represented by on a map?
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Which colour indicates dry streams and surveyed trees on a topographical map?
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What colour is used to represent permanent huts, settlements, and cities on a map?
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Why is Earth considered a unique planet?
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What is the primary use of a globe?
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How does a globe represent the Earth?
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What features can you study using a globe?
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What is a map?
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Which planet is the Earth from the Sun?
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What is a plan?
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What distinguishes a map from satellite pictures and aerial photographs?
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What is the origin of the word 'map'?
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What is a cadastral map?
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Name two types of maps based on scale.
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Provide an example of a large scale map.
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If you are facing the sun in the morning, which direction are you facing?
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What direction is behind you if you are facing east?
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Which direction does the Pole Star always indicate?
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What does a scale on a map represent?
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What type of map shows detailed geographical features of a small area?
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What direction does your right hand point if you are facing east in the morning?
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What are the three types of scales mentioned?
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How are bearings measured?
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What are topographical maps used to show?
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What is the scale difference between large scale and small scale maps?
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Who were the first cartographers to compile maps into a book?
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What is commonly displayed in wall maps?
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What type of map would you find in a book used for educational purposes?
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What do political maps focus on showing?
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What is the purpose of a map's title?
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What are the four cardinal points?
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What type of map shows international borders and state capitals?
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Which type of map depicts physical features like mountains and rivers?
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What does a thematic map represent?
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What component of a map would you use to find directions?
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Which direction does the Earth rotate on its axis?
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What are the four cardinal points?
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What tool do mariners use to find their direction over the ocean?
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What did compasses disguise as during World War II to help prisoners of war?
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When a compass is placed on a flat surface, in which direction does the needle point?
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Name the four intermediate directions.
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What is the origin of a river called?
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In which stage of a river are meanders typically formed?
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What landform is created at the mouth of a river?
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What type of valley is formed in the upper course of a river?
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Name one feature formed in the lower course of a river.
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What is a drainage system?
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Which stage of a river is associated with hydroelectricity production?
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What does the term 'meander' refer to?
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Who drew the map of the world in 150 CE?
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What is the science of making maps called?
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What are some substitutes of maps mentioned in the text?
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Why do maps show a distorted picture of continents near the poles?
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What is a sketch used for?
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How do maps help in modern communication?
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Why is understanding maps considered essential for everyone in modern times?
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What is the main limitation of a map compared to the globe?
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Study Notes
Rivers
- A tributary is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream, main stream, or lake, and does not flow directly into a sea or ocean.
- A confluence is the point where two or more bodies of water meet together.
- A distributary is a river or stream that branches off the main stream and flows away, often found in river deltas, resulting from sediment buildup along the main channel.
Map Study
- Maps are important tools in today's practical world, serving as storehouses of information.
- Colors are used to represent different features on topographical maps, such as:
- Yellow: cultivable land, plateaus, deserts, and plains
- Green: forest areas or lowland areas
- White: rocky areas or badland, hence uncultivable land
- Blue: perennial lined wells, perennial streams, lakes, and ponds, water bodies in general
- Brown: contour lines, heights, and relief features like mountains
- Black: dry streams and surveyed trees
- Red: permanent huts, settlements, cities
- Symbols are used to represent features on maps, such as rivers, ponds, settlements, roads, and trees.
Types of Maps
- Plan: A sketch of a building, school, church, or house, drawn to scale, giving an idea of a small area on a large scale with all necessary details.
- Map: A representation of the Earth or a portion of the Earth drawn to scale on a flat surface, giving a good amount of information at a glance.
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Types of Maps:
- Large Scale Maps: Show a small area in great detail, e.g., topographical maps and city plans
- Small Scale Maps: Show a larger area, often used for display purposes, e.g., wall maps and atlas maps
Compass Directions
- The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
- If facing the sun in the morning, you are facing east; west is behind you, and your left hand points north, while your right hand points south.
- The Pole Star always points north and is visible in the sky, used to find direction.
Scales
- A scale is a measuring line that shows the relationship between the distance between two places on a map and their actual distance on land.
- Types of Scales:
- Verbal or Statement Scale: Expressed in words, e.g., 1cm on the map represents 50km on the ground.
- Numerical Fraction or Representative Fraction or R.F.: Expressed as a ratio, e.g., 1:50,000.
- Graphic or Linear Scale: A line divided into equal parts, each part representing a certain distance on the ground.
Globe
- A globe is a spherical model of the Earth, showing the relative shapes and sizes of continents, countries, and oceans.
- The globe is the only accurate way of showing the three-dimensional model of the Earth.
History of Maps
- The first attempts at collecting maps into a book were made by Gerardus Mercator and Jodocus Hondius in 1636.
- The book featured a picture of Atlas, the Greek mythological giant, holding the Earth on its cover, leading to the naming of the book as an atlas.
Features Formed in Different Stages of a River
- Upper Course: Fast-flowing, eroding the land, creating V-shaped valleys and waterfalls.
- Middle Course: Slowing down, depositing sediment, creating meanders, oxbow lakes, and floodplains.
- Lower Course: Slowing down even further, depositing a large amount of sediment, creating a delta.
Importance of Maps
- Maps are essential for learning and an important tool of a geographer.
- They are used by explorers, reference personnel, city architects, planners, weather-forecasters, motorists, traders, tourists, scouts, and guides.
- Maps are also useful for students to gain knowledge of the world.
Disadvantages of Maps
- Maps, though drawn to scale, become narrow near the Poles due to projections, showing a distorted picture of continents and countries sometimes.
- Maps are a two-dimensional representation of the Earth's surface, showing only a part of the globe on a flat surface.
Directions
- Cardinal Points: North, South, East, and West
- Intermediate Directions: North West (NW), North East (NE), South West (SW), and South East (SE)
- Directions help us study the phenomena of celestial bodies and find our location on a map or globe.
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Description
Learn about the different components of river systems, including tributaries, confluence, and distributaries. Understand their definitions and formations.